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APOSTOLIC FATHERS, a term used to distinguish those early Christian writers who were believed to have been the personal associates of the original Apostles. While the title " Fathers " was given from at least the beginning of the 4th century to church writers ...

APOSTOLIC CANONS, a collection of eighty-five rule* for the regulation of clerical life, appended to the eighth book of the Apostolical Constitutions (q.v.). They are couched in brief legislative form though on no definite plan, and deal with the vexed questio ...

APOSTOLIC MAJESTY, a title borne by the kings of Hungary. About A.D. 1000 it was conferred by Pope Silvester II. upon St Stephen (075-1038), the first Christian king of Hungary, in return for his zeal in seeking the conversion of the heathen. It was renewed by ...

APOSTOLICAL CONSTITUTIONS (^larayai or Atara£ut rdv o.yiuv aroaroXav did. KXi7/i««'Tos roD 'PuuaLtav ifiaubvov rt ical ToXirou. Ka0oXun) Si<5aa/caXia), a collection of ecclesiastical regulations in eight books, the last of which concludes with the eighty-five ...

... sive argument only to one who holds the view of the Tubingen scholars, that the Apostolic Age was all of a piece and was dominated solely by one controversy. The change in the situation is surely not greater than can be imagined within the lifetime of Paul. Th ...

... drives out the evil principle, but also contracts a power of hallowing." In the Fathers of the first three or four centuries can be traced the same tendency to spiritualize the Eucharist as we encountered in the fourth gospel, and in the Didache. Ignatius, tho ...

... doxy. 1 If -Harnack is right in regarding a New Testament canon as one of the " Apostolical authorities " which the Church brought into the field against Gnosticism, we see the truth on historical grounds of the position taught on dogmatic grounds by R. Rainy ...

... Thus, Christ is the antitype of many of the types of the Jewish ritual. By the fathers of the Greek church (e.g. Gregory Nazianzen) antitype is employed as a designation of the bread and wine in the sacrament of the Lord's Supper.

... st, and chose an administrative career. Created secular prelate, he was sent as apostolic delegate to Viterbo, where he early manifested his reactionary tendencies in an attempt to stamp out Liberalism. Recalled to Rome in 1841, he entered the office of the pa ...

... tis (KovpfSiTLs), children born since the last festival were presented by their fathers or guardian's to the assembled phratores, and, after an oath had been taken as to their legitimacy and the sacrifice of a goat or a sheep, their names were inscribed in the ...

... er, Das apostolische Zfitalter; A. C. McGiffert, History of Christianity in the Apostolic Age.

... is the assertion that Greek philosophy borrowed from Moses; but in studying the Fathers we constantly find that groundless assertion uttered in the same breath with the dominant Idealist view, according to which Greek philosophy was due to incomplete revelatio ...

... ves, who dared not reveal their minds too openly. It is noteworthy that the two fathers of apologue in the West were slaves, namely Aesop and Phaedrus. La Fontaine in France; Gay and Dodsley in England; Gellert, Lessing and Hagedorn in Germany; Tomas de Iriart ...

... postle " used in several tenses, once it emerges as a technical term. 1. In the Apostolic age itself, "apostle" often denotes simply an " envoy," commissioned by Jesus Christ to be a primary witness and preacher of the Messianic Kingdom. This wide sense was sh ...

APOSTOLICI, APOSTOLIC BRETHREN, or APOSTLES, the names given to various Christian heretics, whose common doctrinal feature was an ascetic rigidity of morals, which made them reject property and marriage. The earliest Apostolici appeared in Phrygia, Cilicia, Pi ...

... , a sect of early Christians, who renounced all their worldly possessions. (See APOSTOLICI ad inil.)

... 567 Pius V. ranked the festival of St Thomas with those of the four great Latin fathers, Ambrose, Augustine, Jerome and Gregory. No theologian save Augustine has had an equal influence on the theological thought and language of the Western Church, a fact which ...

... t of the cardinal-vicar. In England from 1 598 until the appointment of a vicar-apostolic in 1623 the Roman Catholic clergy were placed by the pope under an " archpriest " as superior of the English mission. In the Lutheran Church in Germany the title archprie ...

... nst the authority of the relation. To solve this difficulty many of the ancient Fathers and the modern critics have been put to miserable shifts. But Butco and kiri her have proved geometrically that, taking the cubit of a foot and a half, the ark was abundant ...

... Eccles. Lot. (1875). TRANSLATIONS. — A. H. Bryce and H. Campbell in Ante-Nicene Fathers, vi. LITERATURE. — H. C. G. Motile in Diet. Chr. Biog. i.; HerzogHauck, Realencyklopadie; and G. Kruger, Early Chr. Lit. p. 304 (where full bibliographies are given). ARNOB ...

... s said to have prepared from the decisions of the councils and the works of the Fathers a summary of divine laws under the title Synopsis Canonum. This was published (Greek original and Latin version) by G. Voel and H. Justel in Bibliotheca Jur. Canon. Vet. (P ...

... s said to have prepared from the decisions of the councils and the works of the Fathers a summary of divine laws under the title Synopsis Canonum. This was published (Greek original and Latin version) by G. Voel and H. Justel in Bibliotheca Jur. Canon. Vet. (P ...

... eeds of civil life. The decipherment and interpretation by the learned Jesuits, Fathers Epping and Strassmcier, of a number of clay tablets preserved in the British Museum, have supplied detailed knowledge of the methods practised in Mesopotamia in the 2nd cen ...

... and Bazard (q.v.) were proclaimed " Peres Supremes." This union of the supreme fathers, however, was only nominal. A divergence was already manifest, which rapidly increased to serious difference and dissension. Bazard had devoted himself to political reform, ...

... rious difficulty seems to have been made about his reading the classics and the Fathers with his friends to his heart's content. The monastery once entered, there was no drawing back; and Erasmus passed through the various stages which culminated in his ordina ...

... from ancient prophecy (Is. ii. 2; Mai. iv. i). It was the common belief in the apostolic age that the second advent of Christ was near, and would give the divine completion to the world's history. The use of the term, however, has been extended so as to inclu ...

... ngary, and is famous as the birthplace of St Stephcn.the first prince crowned " apostolic king " of Hungary. During the early times of the Hungarian monarchy it was the most important mercantile centre in the country, and it was the meeting-place of the diets ...

... e (1843) ; History, Liturgies and Literature of the Syrian Churches (1847); The Apostolic Acts and Epistles, from the Peshito or Ancient Syriac (1849); Jerusalem and Tiberias, a Survey of the Religious and Scholastic Learning of the Jews (1856); The Tar gums o ...

... 540-1559) Maba Sion is said to have translated from the Arabic The Faith of the Fathers, a vast compilation, including the Didascalia Apostolorum (edited by Platt, London, 1834), and the Creed of Jacob Baradaeus (published by Cornill, ZDMG. xxx. 417-466), and ...

... emonstratio evangelica), as in the works of Origen himself and other anteNicene fathers, expressions occur looking in the direction of Arianism, and others looking in the opposite direction. The second stage began with the outbreak of the controversy in 318, a ...

... der the Society of Jesus), at Galveston; St Basil's College (under the Basilian Fathers; 1899), at Waco; for girls, Baylor Female College (Baptist; 1845), at Belton; San Antonio Female College (Methodist Episcopal, South; 1894), at San Antonio; North Texas Fem ...

... e Spectaculis. They followed the almost unanimous condemnation by the Christian fathers. See, for example, Chrysostom, Contra Ludos et Theatra; Tertullian, De Spectaculis; Augustine, De Civ. Dei, i. 31, Confessions, iii. 2; Dill, Roman Society, pp. 47, 117. 4 ...

... f the old church doctrine as set forth in the apologists and in the great Greek fathers of the 3rd and 4th centuries. The Pelagians driven from the East were received by him in Cilicia. A brother of Theodore, Polychronius by name, bishop of Apamea in Syria (d. ...

... e epistles — the last the most valuable) are among the best performances of the fathers of the church. They are brief, yet not wanting in that element of practical edification on which Chrysostom lays special weight as characteristic of the Antiochenes. In add ...

... was he who made, on Charlemagne's request, a collection of the opinions of the fathers on the much-disputed point of the procession of the Holy Ghost. Theodulf maintained his influence a short time after the death of Charlemagne, being sent as escort to Pope ...

... reformer, was born on the 9th of September (August 28) 1828, in the home of his fathers — Yasnaya Polyana, near Toula — a large country house (not the present one) built in a severely formal style, with Doric pillars and architraves, standing solitarily in a t ...

... old, a simple and devout life, and was well read in primitive antiquity and the fathers. His prose works are Roman Forgeries (ibis), Christian Ethics (1675), and A Serious and Patheticall Contemplation of the Mercies of God (1699). His poems have a curious his ...

... been relatively insignificant; on the percentage of natives having native grandfathers in Massachusetts in 1905; or upon the assumed continuance through the igth century of the rate of native growth (one-third decennially) known to have prevailed down at leas ...