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ARANDA, PEDRO PABLO ABARCA DE BOLEA, COUNT OP (1719-1798), Spanish minister and general, was born at the castle of Sietamo, a lordship of his family near Hucsca in Aragon, on the ist of August 1719. The house of Abarca was very ancient, a fact of which Don Ped ...

ARMADA, THE. The Spanish or Invincible Armada was the great fleet (in Spanish, armada) sent against England by Philip II. in 1 588. The marquis of Santa Cruz, to whom the command had first been given, died on the 0th of February 1588 (according to the Gregoria

ARGHANDAB, a river of Afghanistan, about 250 m. in length. It rises in the Hazara country north-west of Ghazni, and flowing south-west falls into the Helmund 20 m. below Girishk. Very little is known about its upper course. It is said to be shallow, and to run

ARCADIA, a district of Greece, forming the central plateau of Peloponnesus. Shut off from the coast lands on all sides by mountain barriers, which rise in the northern peaks of Eryman thus (mod. Olanos) to 7400, of Cyllene (Ziria) to 7900, in the southern corn

ARNDT, ERNST MORITZ (1769-1860), German poet and patriot, was born on the 26th of December 1769 at Schoritz in the island of RUgen, which at that time belonged to Sweden. He was the son of a prosperous farmer, and emancipated serf of the lord of the district,

ARYAN, a term which has been used in a confusing variety of significations by different philologists. By Max Miiller especially it was employed as a convenient short term for the whole body of languages more commonly known as IndoEuropean (q.v.) or Indo-German

... The opinion that Lake Aral periodically disappeared, which was for a long ARAM— ARANDA 3'7 time countenanced by Western geographers, loses more and more probability now that it is evident that at a relatively recent period the Caspian Sea extended much farther ...

... too, flourished in the persons of Tanucci, Turgot, Squillaci, Florida Blanca, D'Aranda and many others. Instances, too, of the low state of political morality are to be found. The indefensible seizure of Silesia by Frederick the Great was followed in 1772 by t ...

... s known earlier in India, and the occurrence of the word in modern Hindustani (varanda) and Malayan (baranda) has led some etymologists to connect the word with the Persian bardmadan, to climb. It is, however, certainly of European origin, and was taken to the ...