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ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.), the great Greek philosopher, was born at Stagira, on the Strymonic Gulf, and hence called " the Stagirite." Dionysius of Halicamassus, in his Epistle on Demosthenes and Aristotle (chap. 5), gives the following sketch of his life: — Ar ...

... as been applied to many different philosophical systems. It is used to describe Aristotle's view of the relation of soul and body held also by the Stoics and Scholastics. On the other hand monadology (Leibnitz) has also been termed animistic. The name is most ...

... been the dialogue, wherein we see the effect of his early rhetorical training. Aristotle speaks of him as uneducated and simple-minded, and Plato describes him as struggling in vain with the difficulties of dialectic. His work represents one great aspect of S ...

... me; as " Pelides," or " the son of Peleus," for Achilles; " the Stagirite " for Aristotle; " the author of Paradise Lost " for Milton; " the little corporal " for Napoleon I. ; " Macedonia's madman " for Alexander the Great, &c. &c. The opposite substitution o ...

... rent lines, alike of St Anselm and of Abelard. But, when increased knowledge of Aristotle's texts (and of the commentaries) led to the victory of a supposed Aristotelianism over a supposed Platonism, Albertus Magnus, and his still more distinguished pupil Thom ...

... ion. But engaging in the great dispute that then raged between the upholders of Aristotle and Plato, his zeal for the latter led him to speak so contemptuously of the more popular philosopher and of his defender, Theodorus Gaza, that he fell under the severe d ...

... athen philosophy, and more especially the thoughts of Plato and tin- methods of Aristotle. Reason and revelation arc separate sources of knowledge; and man can put himself in possession of each, because he can bring himself into relation to the church on the o ...

... al writings are quoted by Stobaeus, Simplicius and others. To portions of these Aristotle has been supposed to have been indebted for his doctrine of the categories and some of his chief ethical theories. It is, however, certain that these fragments are mainly ...

... hose tenure of office was limited afterwards to ten years and then to one year. Aristotle's Constitution of Athens (q.v.) speaks of five stages: (i) the institution of the polemarch who took over the military duties of the king; (2) the institution of the arch ...

... nn Reuchlin. His principal works were translations of the following portions of Aristotle, — Categoriae, De Interpretation, Analytica Posterior a, Physica, De Caelo, De Anima, Metaphysica, Ethica Nicomachea, Politica; ARIA and an Expoiitia Eihuorum Aristotelis ...

... Xenophilus, from whom he learned the theory of music. Finally he studied under Aristotle at Athens, and was deeply annoyed, it is said, when Theophrastus was appointed head of the school on Aristotle's death. His writings, said to have numbered four hundred a ...

... to start his students on the search after truth, unimpeded by the authority of Aristotle. Under these men and influences,. Arminius studied with signal success; and the promise he gave induced the merchants' gild of Amsterdam to bear the further expenses of h ...

... 75-0), a chemical element, known to the ancients in the form of its sulphides. Aristotle gave them the name aa.v5apa.Kii, and Theophrastus mentions them under the name apotviKov. The oxide known as white arsenic is mentioned by the Greek alchemist Olympiodoru ...

... Vizier of Xerxes (Ctesias, Pers. 20), whom he murdered in 465 B.C. According to Aristotle, Pol. v. 1311 b, he had previously killed Xerxes' son Darius, and was afraid that the father would avenge him; according to Ctesias, Pers. 29, Justin iii. i, Died. xi. 69 ...

... many Greek dynasts, among them the famous Hcrmios of Atarneus, the protector of Aristotle, who had friendly relations with Philip (342 B.C.). When Philip attacked Pcrinthus and Byzantium (340), Artaxerxes sent them support, by which they were enabled to withst ...

ASPASIUS, a Greek peripatetic philosopher, and a prolific commentator on Aristotle. He flourished probably towards the close of the ist century A.D., or perhaps during the reign of Antoninus Pius. His commentaries on the Categories, De Interpretatione, De Sens ...

... turbances in that part of the heavens, which had till then, on the authority of Aristotle, been regarded as incorruptible, combined with the troubles of the times, must have given a new stimulus to belief in the signs in heaven. Montaigne (Essais, lib. i. chap ...

... r " homocentric " system, after it had been further elaborated by Callippus and Aristotle, was modified by Apollonius of Perga (fl. 250-220 B.C.) into the hypothesis of deferents and epicycles, which held the field for 1800 years as the characteristic embodime ...

... east in the earliest times, were the main object of the Ephebia. In the time of Aristotle the names of the enrolled ephebi were engraved on a bronze pillar (formerly on wooden tablets) in front of the council-chamber. After admission to the college, the ephebu ...

... ed or supplemented the common law on the ground of their intrinsic superiority. Aristotle (Ethics, bk. v. c. 10) defines equity as a better sort of justice, which corrects legal justice where the latter errs through being expressed in a universal form and not ...

... s of 1524 to which Erasmus only contributed one translation of 14 pages; or the Aristotle of 1531, of which Simon Grynaeus was the real editor. Where Erasmus excelled was in prefaces — not philological introductions to each author, but spirited appeals to the ...

... nued for many generations.1 That this treaty was no exceptional one is shown by Aristotle (Pol. iii. 96, Op. ii. 261), who says that there were numerous treatises, concerning their alliances and mutual rights, between the two peoples. That the Greeks held the ...

... he few and small spaces of level ground in the island, and was fertile in corn. Aristotle, when speaking of the aristocratic character of the horse, as requiring fertile soil for its support, and consequently being associated with wealth, instances its use amo ...

... f the events of his life. Indirect evidence shows that he was a contemporary of Aristotle, whom he attacked with great bitterness. There was also a tradition that Demosthenes was one of his pupils. His name has been preserved chiefly by some celebrated, though ...

... peeches has survived, nor is there any appreciation of them in ancient writers. Aristotle (Rhetoric, i. 15. 15) mentions a speech against Chares, and Theopompus (in his Philippica) had given an account of his life, extracts from which are preserved in Harpocra ...

... each according to his own capacity, was the final end of political development. Aristotle, as usual, adopted " eudaemonia " as the term which in popular language most nearly represented his idea and made it the keyword of his ethical doctrine. None the less he ...

... 3i/3Xia rpla of the astronomer Hipparchus (ed. C. Manitius, 1894). According to Aristotle (Ethics x. 2), Eudoxus held that pleasure was the chief good, because (i) all beings sought it and endeavoured to escape its contrary, pain; (2) it is an end in itself , ...

LITERATURE. — The Aristotelian philosophy is to be studied, first in Aristotle's works, which are the best commentaries on one another; the best complete edition is the Berlin edition (l 83 1-1870), by Bekker and Brandis, in which also are the fragments collec ...

... l background, and this was supplemented by painted scenery, which, according to Aristotle, was introduced by Sophocles: Vitruvius, however, tells us that the first scene-painter, Agatharchus, worked for Aeschylus. In their days the aia\vti was, of course, a me ...

... ct of Constantinople in 384 on the nomination of Theodosius. His paraphrases of Aristotle's Posterior Analytics, Physics and De Anima are valuable; but the orations in which he panegyrizes successive emperors, comparing them to Plato's " true philosopher," and ...

... mplete without a reference to Theognis 35-36, which appears in Plato, Xenophon, Aristotle, Musonius and Clement of Alexandria, who aptly compares it with Psalm xviii. 26. Another famous couplet is 177-78:" In poverty, dear Cyrnus! we forego | Freedom in word a ...

... Plato 's Republic refers wholly to the control of myths. He further denies that Aristotle identified his First Philosophy with a " theology," holding the text of the Metaphysics to be out of order and 1 Philosophische Monatshefte (1888), Heft I and 2. See also ...

... e field, and that he endeavoured to compose the internal dissensions of Sparta (Aristotle, Politics, v. 6) by inspiring the citizens with a patriotic love for their fatherland. About twelve fragments (three of them complete poems) are preserved in Strabo, Lycu ...