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ARTA (Narda, i.e. a> "A.pda, or Zarta, i.e. «'s "\pra), a town of Greece, in the province of Arta, 59 m. N.N.W. of Mesolonghi. Pop. about 7000. It is built on the site of the ancient Ambracia (?.».), its present designation being derived from a corruption of t ...

ARTABANUS, the name of a number of Persian princes, soldiers and administrators. The most important are the following: — 1. Brother of Darius I., and, according to Herodotus, the trusted adviser of his nephew Xerxes. Herodotus makes him a principal figure in e ...

ARTAPHERNES. more correctly ARTAPHRENES, brother of Darius Hystaspis, and satrap of Sardis. It was he who received the embassy from Athens sent probably by Cleisthenes (^.r.) in 507 B.C., and subsequently warned the Athenians to receive back the " tyrant " Hip ...

ARTAXERXES, a name representing Pers. Artakkihatra, he whose empire is well-fitted " or " perfected ", Heb. Artakkshasta, Bab. Artakshatsu, Susian Irtakshaskska (and variants), Gr. '\pratipfrtt, 'ApTo{fp£i7», and in an inscription of Tralles (Dittenbergcr, Syl ...

... t of fancy or pleasure to an element of utility. Here, therefore, is the ART A— ARTABANUS germ of all those arts which produce imitations of natural objects for purposes of entertainment or delight, as painting, sculpture, and their subordinates; and of all th ...

ARTENA, a village of Italy, in the province of Rome, situated at the N.N.W. extremity of the Volscian Mountains; it is 36 m. S.E. by rail, and 24 m. direct from Rome. Pop. (1901) 5016. On the mountain above it (2073 ft.) are the fine remains of the fortificati

ARTEOA, a tribe of African " Arabs," said to be descendants of a sheik of that name who came from Hadramut in preIslamic days, settling near Tokar. The name is said to be " patrician," and the Artega may be regarded as the most ancient stock in the Suakin dist

ARAL, a lake or inland sea in the west of Asia, situated between lat. 43° 30' and 46° 51' N., and long. 58° 13' and 61° 56' E. It was known to the ancient Arab and Persian geographers as the Sea of Khwarizm or Kharezm, from the neighbouring district of the Cho

ARAM, EUGENE (1704-1750), English scholar, but more famous as the murderer celebrated by Hood in his ballad, the Dream of Eugene Aram, and by Bulwcr Lytton in his romance of Eugene Aram, was born of humble parents at Ramsgill, Yorkshire, in 1704. He received l

ARIA (Ital. for " air "), a musical term, equivalent to the English " air," signifying a melody apart from the harmony, but especially a musical composition for a single voice or instrument, with an accompaniment of other voices or instruments. The aria origin

ANTALCIDAS, Spartan soldier and diplomatist. In 393 (or 392 B.C.) he was sent to Tiribazus, satrap of Sardis, to undermine the friendly relations then existing between Athens and Persia by offering to recognize Persian claims to the whole of Asia Minor. The At ...

... d. The importance of Arcadia in Greek history was due to its position between Sparta and the Isthmus. Unable to force their way through Argolis, the Lacedaemonians early set themselves to secure the passage through the central plateau. The resistance of single ...

ARDASHIR, the modern form of the Persian royal name ARTAXERXES (?.».), "he whose empire is excellent." After the three Achaemenian kings of this name, it occurs in Armenia, in the shortened form Artaxias (Armenian, Artashes or Artaxes), and among the dynasts o ...

ARGOL, the commercial name of crude tartar (q.t.). It is a semi-crystalline deposit which forms on wine vats, and is generally grey or red in colour.

... stern districts. This supremacy was first challenged about the 8th century by Sparta. Though organized on similar lines, with a citizen population divided into three Dorian tribes (and one containing other elements), with a class of Perioeci (neighbouring depe ...

... actions of a democracy at Athens, the dwindling population of an oligarchy at Sparta, and the oppressive selfishness of new tyrannies throughout the Greek world, he condemned the actual constitutions of the Greek states as deviations (jrapeK/3dereis) directed ...

... ed his Thomas and Sally. Here, too, on the 2nd of February 1762 he produced his Artaxerxes, an opera in the Italian style with recitative instead of spoken dialogue, the popularity of which is attested by the fact that it continued to be performed at intervals ...

ARSES, Persian king, youngest son of Artaxerxes III., was raised to the throne in 338 B.C. by Bagoas (q.v.), who had ARSINOE— ARSON murdered his father and all his brother*. But when the young king tried to make himself independent, Bagoas killed him too, with ...

... anaariyums) is explained by R. C. Bosanquet as a late institution of decadent Sparta, an exaggeration of an old ritual practice of whipping away boys who tried to steal cheeses from the altar (see The Year's Work in Classical Studies, ed. W. H. D. Rouse, 1907) ...

... Aurelius in the dress of a Prater Arvalis. M.irini. Alii e Monumrnti de' Fratri Artali (1795): Hoffmann, Die 4.|(l858); Oldenberg, De Sacra Frairum A. (1875); Bergk, Das Lied der Arralbruder (1856) ; Bri-al, " Le Chant des Arvals in Mem. de la Soc. de Linguisl ...

... thence succeeded in getting the Phoenician fleet, intended to co-operate with Sparta, sent back home. The Athenian, Thrasybulus, after obtaining contributions from Aspendus in 389, was murdered by the inhabitants. The city bought off Alexander in 333, but, not ...

... Water, a right-hand tributary of the Earn. The chief manufactures are those of tartans and other woollens, and of agricultural implements. At the beginning of the I3th century it obtained a charter from the earl of Strathcarn, afterwards became a royal burgh f ...

... salts were pyro-electric, and he mentions the tartrates of potash and soda and tartaric acid as exhibiting this property in a very strong degree. He also made many experiments with the tourmaline when cut into thin slices, and reduced to the finest powder, in ...

... her emetic must promptly be administered. The central emetics are apomorphine, tartar emetic, ipecacuanha, senega and squill. Of these tartar emetic and ipecacuanha come under both heads: when taken by the mouth they act as gastric emetics before absorption in ...

... comes into notice in the attack upon Mantineia in 385, when he fought on the Spartan side and saved the life of his future colleague Pelopidas. In his youth Epaminondas took little part in public affairs; he held aloof from the political assassinations which ...

... s of Thermopylae, of which the most celebrated is the epigram — " Go tell the Spartans, thou that passest by, That here, obedient to their laws, we lie. A hymn of Simonides on the same subject contains some lines of great beauty in praise of those who were bur ...

... men; hence the Theban " Sacred Band " was devoted to him, and the Cretans and Spartans offered sacrifice to him before going into battle (Athenaeus xiii. p. 561). In Alexandrian poetry Eros is at one time the powerful god who conquers all, at another the elfis ...

... OH; it is also known as erythrol, erythroglucin and phycite. It corresponds to tartaric acid, and, like this substance, it occurs in four stereo-isomeric forms. The internally compensated modification, z'-erythrite, corresponding to mesotartaric acid, occurs f ...

... gdom of the Lord, when all Israel shall be saved and when the nations shall be partakers of their salvation; and (4) the finality and eternity of this condition, that which constitutes the blessedness of the saved people being the Presence of God in the midst ...

... time of Yagbea Sion (ob. 1 294) belongs the Vision of the Prophet Habakkuk in Kartasd, as also the works of Abba Salama, regarded as the founder of the Ethiopic renaissance, one of whose sermons is preserved in a Cheren MS. With his name are connected the Act ...

... first place EUBULIDES— EUCALYPTUS in Greece proper to be attacked by Datis and Artaphernes in 400 B.C. It was utterly ruined on that occasion, and its inhabitants were transported to Persia. Though it was restored after the battle of Marathon, on a site at a ...

... distributed: " We who are many, arc one loaf (or bread), one body; for we all partake of the one loaf (or bread)." As a single loaf could not satisfy the hunger of many, the rehearsal in these meals of Christ's own action must have been a crowning episode, en ...

... ato, et alia integrita ridotlo, per il degno professore di tal Scientie Nicolb Tartalea Brisciano, was published at Venice in 1569, and Federico Commandino's translation appeared at Urbino in 1575; a Spanish version, Los Seis Libros primeros de la geometria de ...

... le of the phenomena already described, it is sufficient to indicate the Gulf of Arta and the mouth of the Spercheios as two of the more important localities. The latter especially is interesting to the historian as well as to the geologist, as the river has gr ...

... time he also maintained friendly relations with Persia, and secured the aid of Artaxerxes II. for Athens against Sparta. He took part in the battle of Cnidus (304), in which the Spartan fleet was defeated, and for this service his statue was placed by the Ath ...

... Fischer applied a method indicated by Pasteur in converting dextro into laevo-tartaric acid; he found that both (/-mannonic and (/-gluconic acids (the latter is yielded by glucose on oxidation) were mutually convertible by heating with quinoline under pressur ...

... ich was the work of more elaborate implements than the axe and saw. Among the Spartans proper simple and frugal habits of life were secured rather by the institution of the pheidilia (public meals) than by special enactments. The possession of gold or silver w ...

... was fortified by a wall with towers, in 413 B.C., as a protection against the Spartans in Decelea; but it was soon after seized by a body of fugitive slaves from the Laurium mines. In the 4th century it was still kept up as a fortress. The temple was shown by ...

... , Die Legendensammlung des Symeon Metaphrastes (Rome, 1897) ; and in Romische Quartalschrift (1897), pp. 67-205 and 531-553; H. Delehaye, La Vie de S. Paul le jeune et la chronologie de Melaphraste (1893); Analecta Bollandiana, xvi. 312-327 and xvii. 448-452. ...

... ent. The opinion used to be held that tailage was forbidden by the Conjirmatio cartarum, but the Latin version of that document which bears the title De tallagio non concedendo, although cited as a statute in the preamble to the Petition of Right in 1627 and i ...