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ARTEVELDE. JACOB VAN (c. 1290-1345), Flemish statesman, was born at Ghent about 1290. He sprang from one of the wealthy commercial families of this great industrial city, his father's name being probably William van Artevelde. His brother John, a rich cloth me ...

... omy was, on its moral side, not essentially Jewish or even Semitic. It was an advanced development of the main attributes of civilized life, to which Christendom in its transition from feudalism had as yet only imperfectly adapted itself. The ghetto, which had ...

... ction of old masters is very fine, containing many splendid examples of Rubens, Van Dyck, Titian and the chief Dutch masters. Antwerp, famous in the middle ages and at the present time for its commercial enterprise, enjoyed in the I7th century a celebrity not ...

... , and his popularity made him indispensable to the king. But he was a trying servant, for his temper was captious and his tongue sarcastic, while his aristocratic arrogance led him to display an offensive contempt for the golillas (the stiff collars), as he ca ...

ARCULF, a Gallican bishop and pilgrim-traveller, who visited the Levant about 680, and was the earliest Christian traveller and observer of any importance in the Nearer East after the rise of Islam. On his return he was driven by contrary winds to Britain, and ...

... ; and F. Knoke, Die Kriegszuge des Germanicus in Deutschland (1887). ARMINIUS, JACOBUS (1560-1609), Dutch theologian, author of the modified reformed theology that receives its name of Arminian from him, was born at Oudewater, South Holland, on the loth of Oc ...

... e bend of the hip, while the sciatic is on the convex, they have a mechanical advantage and become the permanent main channel. Foi further details see O. Hertwig, Handbuck der vergleichenden und experimentellen Entwickelungslehre der Wirbeltiere Qena, 1905). C ...

... e now corresponding with Spain in hopes of assistance from that quarter, then advanced to Stirling with a force of 7000 men, when a compromise was arranged, the three earls being all included in the government. While on his way from a banquet held on the 2oth ...

... Armagnacs against the Swiss, greatly distinguishing himself at the battle of St Jacob in 1444. He then joined the order of the knights of Rhodes, and successfully conducted an expedition against the pirates of the Levant and an embassy to Charles VII. He soon ...

... upon an officer who insulted him, he fled from France and roamed about in the Levant. He served in the Russian army against the Turks; but afterwards escaped into Prussia and enlisted in the guards. Tiring of this, he deserted with several others and reached t ...

... truments are treated in separate articles such as AMPEREMETER; ELECTROMETER; GALVANOMETER; VOLTMETER; WHEATSTONE'S BRIDGE; POTENTIOMETER; METER, ELECTRIC; ELECTROPHORUS; LEYDEN JAR; &c. . The term " electricity " is applied to denote the physical agency which ...

... ng of eight arms rotated in a cylindrical vessel of water containing four fixed vanes, which allowed the passage of the arms of the paddle but prevented the water from rotating as a whole. The paddle was driven by weights, and the temperature of the water was ...

... nter, he was a chorister at Utrecht under the famous organist of the cathedral, Jacob Obrecht. About 1484 Erasmus' father died, leaving him and an elder brother Peter, both born out of wedlock, to the care of guardians, their mother having died shortly before. ...

... polity and discipline, which were established at Heidelberg in 1570, on the Genevan model. One of the first acts of the new church system was to excommunicate Erastus on a charge of Socinianism, founded on his correspondence with Transylvania. The ban was not ...

ESAU, the son of Isaac and Rebecca, in the Bible, and the elder twin brother of Jacob. He was so called because he was red (admoni) and hairy when he was born, and the name Edom (red) was given to him when he sold his birthright to Jacob for a meal of red lent ...

... d to God's particular purpose for His chosen people; so also in the blessing of Jacob (xlix.) and of Moses (Deut. xxxiii.). David's last words (2 Sam. xxiii.) blend together his desire that his family should retain the kingship, and his aspiration for a kingdo ...

... [LITERATURE Abba Salama, whom the native tradition identifies with Frumentius, evangelist of Abyssinia, to whom the translation of the Bible was ascribed, was in reality a Metropolitan of the early i4th century, who revised the corrupt text then current. Of th ...

... and Eugenius was elected. Lothair, however, came to Rome in person, and took advantage of this opportunity to redress many abuses in the papal administration, to vest the election of the pope in the nobles, and to confirm the statute that no pope should be co ...

... the alluvium of rivers; the increase of the land-surface due to upheaval; the advance of the sea by reason of its own erosive activity; and the advance of the sea through the subsidence of the land. The actual form of the coast, however, is frequently due to t ...

EVANGELICAL ASSOCIATION of North America, a religious denomination, founded about the beginning of the igth century by Jacob Albright (1759-1808), a German Lutheran of Pennsylvania. About 1790 he began an itinerant mission among his fellow-countrymen, chiefly ...

... example: d- and /-glucose yield (/-and /-gulose; and also by Lobry de Bruyn and Van Ekenstein's discovery that hexoses are transformed into mixtures of their isomers when treated with alkalis, alkaline earths, lead oxide, &c. Monosaccharoses. Biose. — The onl\ ...

... h each conductor was to be attached to a pith ball electroscope. An important advance on this was proposed in 1707 by Lomond,1 who used only one line of wire and an alphabet of motions. Besides these we have in the same period the spark telegraph of Reiser, of ...

... eless he incurred a certain amount of suspicion because be declined to join the Jacobin Club. In May 1793 he was on a special mission in the west and prevented his department from joining the Federalist movement. Thibaudeau occupied himself more particularly w ...

... pecially that of clerical nonresidence, awakened much ill-will, and of this the Jacobitestook advantage, pursuing him to the end of his life with insult and reproach. He died on the 22nd of November 1694. For his manuscript sermons Tillotson's widow received 2 ...

... C.), North Dakota (N. Dak.), Ohio(O.), Oklahoma (Okla.), Oregon (Oreg.), Pennsylvania (Pa.), Rhode Island (R.I.), South Carolina (S.C.), South Dakota (S. Dak.), Tennessee (Tenn.), Texas (Tex.), Utah, Vermont (Vt.), Virginia (Va.), West Virginia (W. Va.), Washi ...

... shes, Olivolo or Castello, St Raffaello, St Salvadore, Sta Maria Formosa, S. Giovanni in Bragora, the Apostoli and Sta Giustina. Tradition has it that the earliest church in Venice was S. Giacomo di Rialto, 1 Secretary to Theodoric the Great, in a letter dated ...

... of the province the rivers belong either to the Zambezi system, or, like the Okavango, drain to Lake Ngami. Geology. — The rock formations of Angola are met with in three distinct regions: (i) the littoral zone, (2) the median zone formed by a series of hills ...

... her voyage round the world in 1851-1853. In 1858 he succeeded Adolph Ferdinand Svanberg (1806-1857) in the chair of physics at Upsala, and there he died on the 2ist of June 1874. His most important work was concerned with the conduction of heat and with spectr ...

... d period till the ist of November, but he refused at its close to retire, and advancing to Linlithgow put to flight Margaret and his opponents. He now with his followers engrossed all the power, succeeded in gaining over some of his antagonists, including Arra ...

... the exception of about i .',000 Roman Catholics and 1700 Jews, members of the Evangelical (Union) Church. The supreme ecclesiastical authority is the consistory in Dessau; while a synod of 39 members, elected for six years, assembles at periods to deliberate ...

... ), an ancient and ruined Armenian city, in Russian Transcaucasia, government Erivan, situated at an altitude of 4390 ft., between the Arpa-chai (Horfxuiu) and a deep ravine. In 961 it became the capital of the Bagratid kings of Armenia, and when yielded to the ...

... none, while chlorates, in the presence of certain metallic salts (especially of vanadium), give aniline black. Hydrochloric acid and potassium chlorate give chloranil. Potassium permanganate in neutral solution oxidizes it to nitrobenzene, in alkaline solution ...

... widespread was the cult of the Mnevis, also consecrated to Osiris. Similar observances are found in our own day on the Upper Nile; the Nuba and Nuer worship the bull; the Angoni of Central Africa and the Sakalava of Madagascar keep sacred bulls. In India respe ...

... on its rank in this life, its sex, mode of death or sepulture, on ihe due observance of funeral ritual, or many other points (see ESCHATOLOGY). From the belief in the survival of the dead arose the practice of offering food, lighting fires, &c., al ihe grave, ...

PAOLO ANIMUCCM, a brother of Giovanni, was also celebrated as a composer; he is said by Fctis to have been maestro di capella at S. Giovanni in Laterano from the middle of January 155° until 1552, and to have died in 1363.

ANIMUCCIA. GIOVANNI. Italian musical composer, was born at Florence in the last years of the 1 5th century. At the request of St Filippo Neri he composed a number of Laudi, or hymns of praise, to be sung after sermon time, which have given him an accidental pr ...

ANISE (Pimpinella Anisum), an umbelliferous plant found in Egypt and the Levant, and cultivated on the continent of Europe for medicinal purposes. The officinal part of the plant is the fruit, which consists of two united carpels, called a cremocarp. It is kno ...

... a-level. For long only the principal village of the Hova chiefs, Antananarivo advanced in importance as those chiefs made themselves sovereigns of the greater part of Madagascar, until it became a town of some 80,000 inhabitants. Until 1869 all buildings withi ...

... ed in the tropical parts of South and Central America, frequenting low swampy savannas, along the banks of rivers, and the depths of the humid forests, but is nowhere abundant. Its food consists mainly of termites, to obtain which it opens their nests with its ...

... from the newly opened casks to the god of wine, all the household, including servants and slaves, joining in the festivities. The rooms and the drinking vessels in them were adorned with spring flowers, as were also the children over three years of age. The se ...