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ATMOSPHERE (Gr. arfik, vapour; <7<£cupa, a sphere), the aeriform envelope encircling the earth; also the envelope of a particular gas or gases about any solid or liquid. Meteorological phenomena seated more directly in the atmosphere obtained early recognition ...

... rum. He announced the existence of hydrogen, among other elements, in the sun's atmosphere in 1862, and in 1868 published his great map of the normal solar spectrum which long remained authoritative in questions of wave-length, although his measurements were i ...

... suggested that two groups should be known as " animals of permanent heat at all atmospheres " and " animals of a heat variable with every atmosphere," but later Bcrgmann suggested that they should be known as " homoiothermic " and " poikilothermic " animals. B ...

... cuous until the political triumph of Christianity, and even somewhat later. The atmosphere is no longer Jewish but fully Greek. True there are, as always, Jewish controversialists. Justin Martyr writes a Dialogue vith Trypho; Origen deals with many anti-Christ ...

... ot i» impossible. It should, however, be observed that in the somewhat material atmosphere of constitutional Athens the religious significance of the lot had vanished ; no important office in the 5th and 4th centuries was entrusted to its decision. The real ef ...

... an a hundred years before 1894 it had been supposed that the composition of the atmosphere was thoroughly known. Beyond variable quantities of moisture* and traces of carbonic acid, hydrogen, ammonia, &c., the only constituents recognized were nitrogen and oxy ...

... stotle's opinions (as he often does), he seems to be writing in an Aristotelian atmosphere; while he shows the same acuteness in raising difficulties, and has caught something of the same encyclopaedic genius. Another pupil, Eudemus of Rhodes, wrote and though ...

... trioxide; dilute nitric acid only oxidizes it to arsenious acid. It burns in an atmosphere of chlorine forming the trichloride; it also combines directly with bromine and sulphur on heating, while on fusion with alkalis it forms arsenites. Arsenic and most of ...

... ends all the matter of the universe which lies outside the limit of the earth's atmosphere. The seeming anomaly of classifying as a single 'branch of science all that we know in a field so wide, while subdividing our knowledge of things on our own planet into ...

... f the chemical constitution of the stars and planets is still confined to their atmospheres, and that conclusions as to the constitution of the interior masses which form them must be drawn by other methods than the spectroscopic one. When the spectroscope was ...

... y irresponsible critics, of the type of Byron, outside; historians, bred in the atmosphere of mid-Victorian Liberalism, have re-echoed the cry against him and the government of which he was the most distinguished member; but history has largely justified his a ...

... red in bodies of different kinds or shapes. The temperature and pressure of the atmosphere did not produce any sensible change; but he concluded that the dissipation was nearly proportional to the cube of the quantity of moisture in the air.1 In examining the ...

... ast three gave evidence of extraordinary mental powers. He was brought up in an atmosphere of hard work, of moral discipline, and (after his father's death in iSii)of that wholesome self-sacrifice which is a condition of life for those who are poor in money an ...

... gy was converted into heat, when the air was subjected to a pressure of 2 1 • 5 atmospheres Joule obtained for the mechanical equivalent of heat about 824-8 foot-pounds, and when a pressure of only 10-5 atmospheres was employed the result was 7196-9 foot-pound ...

... d phase of Pauline theology which it shows, and from the general background and atmosphere of the underlying system of thought, in which the absence of the well-known earlier controversies is remarkable, while some things suggest the thought of John and a late ...

... is residence in Louvain. But the bigotry of the Flemish clergy, and the monkish atmosphere of the university of Louvain, overrun with Dominicans and Franciscans, united for once in their enmity to the new classical learning, inclined Erasmus to seek a more con ...

... of kinship, physical and spiritual, with him. The teaching rather breathes the atmosphere of the fourth gospel, which sets the Last Supper before the feast of the Passover (xiii. i), and pointedly omits Christ's institution of the Eucharist, substituting for ...

... , of France for an anti-Habsburg campaign — all these showed that the political atmosphere was charged with electricity. Till 1618, however, an open conflict between Protestantism and Catholicism in Germany was averted; in that year the acceptance, by the Calv ...

... ional personages, and their lifeless maxims which fail to sweeten the bloodshot atmosphere. The Senecan form was not barren in tself, as its sequel in France was to show: it was only barren [or England. After Marlowe it was driven to the study, and was ELIZABE ...

... occurs also in temperate climates during hot weather. A moist condition of the atmosphere, which interferes with cooling of the overheated body, greatly increases the liability to suffer from this ailment. Sunstroke has been chiefly observed and investigated ...

... o less for its high courtesy and intellectual brilliance than for its religious atmosphere. Though not physically beautiful she had a personality of rare spiritual charm, nurtured in the private chapel of her house. Her husband, General Swetchine, was 25 years ...

... be continuous. Poulsen immensely improved this process by placing the arc in an atmosphere of hydrogen, coal-gas or some other nonoxidizing gas, and at the same time arranging it in a strong magnetic field.3 In this way he was able to produce an apparatus whic ...

... The sensation of sound is produced by rapid fluctuation in the pressure of the atmosphere on the tympanum of the Charac- ear. If the fluctuations are irregular and non-periodic, teristics the sound is called a noise; if they are cyclic and of sound. f0iiow a ...

... nd him with powerful friends, he lived from the first moment of his reign in an atmosphere of treachery. On the ist of July the envoys of Pseudo-Demetrius I. arrived at Moscow to demand his removal, and the letters which they read publicly in the Red Square de ...

... no condition to offer. Whatever other elements and suggestions are present, the atmosphere of the medieval world, and its sense of personal claims, are unmistakable. With Anselm Ritschl takes Abelard, who explains the Atonement simply by God's love, and thus i ...

... arm weather. A tornado is the result of a condition of local instability in the atmosphere, originating high above the earth. A current of air is induced to ascend with a rapid spiral motion round a central core of low pressure. The moisture in the ascending a ...

... Gulf of California almost rivals the Red Sea as an ocean-arm under a desert-hot atmosphere. In the same midsummer month all the eastern half of the United States is included between the isotherms of 66° and 82°; the contrast between Lake Superior and the coast ...

... a, and from its sheltered situation, equable temperature, and comparatively dry atmosphere is regarded as one of the best resorts in England for consumptive invalids. In the middle of the tgth century it was only a small fishing hamlet, now it extends along th ...