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CHARLES MARC RENE DE VOYER, marquis d'Argenson (1796-1862), son of the preceding, was born at Boulogne-surSeine on the 20th of April 1796. He concerned himself little with politics. He was, however, a member of the councilgeneral of Vienne for six years, but w ...

EON DE BEAUMONT, CHARLES GENEVIEVE LOUISE AUGUSTE ANDR£ TIMOTHEE D' (1728-1810), commonly known as the CHEVALIER o'EoN, French political adventurer, famous for the supposed mystery of his sex, was born near Tonnerre in Burgundy, on the 7th of October 1728. He ...

... the name of an ancient province in France, the extent of which has varied considerably from time to time. About the time of Julius Caesar the name Aquilania was given to that part of Gaul lying between the Pyrenees and the Garonne, and its inhabitants were a ...

... e fought on the list and 22nd of May 1809 between the French and their allies under Napoleon and the Austrians commanded by the archduke Charles (see NAPOLEONIC CAMPAIGNS). At the time of the battle Napoleon was in possession of Vienna, the bridges over the Da ...

... hich might be called astromancy. on the same principle as " chiromancy ") were identified; and a distinction is made between " natural astrology," which predicts the motions of the heavenly bodies, eclipses, &c., and " judicial astrology." which studies the in ...

... itiv, to classify or arrange). The subject matter of astronomical science, considered in its widest range, comprehends all the matter of the universe which lies outside the limit of the earth's atmosphere. The seeming anomaly of classifying as a single 'branch ...

... TCH, a card game which is a popular variation of All Fours (<?.».). The name is derived from the rule that the first card played, or pitched, is the trump suit, and that the eldest hand has the privilege of pitching it or of selling out to the highest bidder. ...

... the Augusta Southern (controlled by the Southern), the Atlantic Coast Line, the Charleston & Western Carolina (controlled by the Atlantic Coast Line), the Georgia and the Central of Georgia railways, by an electric line to Aiken, South Carolina, and by a line ...

... so to the whole celebration. The term Mass, which has the same connotation, is derived from the Lat. missa or missio, because the children and catechumens, or unbaptized believers, were dismissed before the eucharistic rite began. Other names express various ...

... or Constans II., and at the height of the Monothelite crisis, he showed greater deference than his predecessor to the emperor's wishes, and made no public stand against the patriarchs of Constantinople. He, however, held no communication with them, being close ...

... i. GEOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS It has justly become a commonplace of geography to describe Europe as a mere peninsula of Asia, but while it is necessary to be*r 'his in mind in some aspects of the geography of the continent, more particularly in relation to the ...

... lies that the messages are written, but its earliest use was of appliances that depended on visual signals, such as the semaphore or optical telegraph of Claude Chappe. The word is still sometimes employed in this sense, as of the ship's telegraph, by means of ...

THEOLOGY, literally the science which deals with God or the gods. The word is Greek (Geos, God; Xo-yos, theory). But doctrine counted for less in Greek or Roman religion than in Christianity, and forms of worship for more. In the oldest usage #60X6701 were tho ...

UNITED STATES, THE, the short title usually given to the great federal republic which had its origin in the revolt of the British colonies in North America, when, in the Declaration of Independence, they described themselves as " The Thirteen United States of ...

... mbard plain known as the Veneto. The whole of this plain has been formed by the debris swept down from the Alps by the rivers Po, Ticino, Oglio, Adda, Mincio, Adige, Brenta, Piave, Livenza, Tagliamento and Isonzo. The substratum of the plain is a bed of boulde ...

ARBOIS DE JUBAINVILLE, MARIE HENRI D' (1827-1910), French historian and philologist, was born at Nancy on the $th of December 1827. In 1851 he left the Ecole des Charles with the degree of palaeographk archivist. He was placed in control of the departmental ar ...

AUGEREAU, PIERRE FRANCOIS CHARLES, duke of Castiglione (1757-1816), marshal of France, was born in Paris in a humble station of life. At the age of seventeen he enlisted in the carabineers and thereafter came into note as a duellist. Having drawn his sword upo ...

ESCOVEDO, JUAN DE (d. 1578), Spanish politician, secretary of Don John of Austria, and chiefly notable as having been the victim of one of the mysteries of the i6th century, began life in the household of Ruy Gomez de Silva, prince of Eboli, the most trusted m ...

ANGOULBMB, CHARLES DE VALOIS, DUKE OF (1573-1650), the natural son of Charles IX. of France and Marie Touchet, was born on the 28th of April 1573,31 the castle of Fayet in Dauphine. His father, dying in the following year, commended him to the care and favour ...

... tion of the anti-Semites, who have given the movement its quasiscientific name, declare that it is a racial struggle — an incident of the eternal conflict between Europe and Asia — and that the anti-Semites are engaged in an effort to prevent what is called th ...

... nt Rome, of the gens Antonia. Antonius the triumvir claimed that his family was descended from Anton, son of Heracles. Of the Antonii the following are important. 1. MARCUS ANTONIUS (143-87 B.C.), one of the most distinguished Roman orators of his time, was qu ...

... astic philosopher, known as Doctor Angelicas, Doctor Uniiiersalis, was of noble descent, and nearly allied to several of th? royal houses of Europe. He was born in 1225 or 1227, at Roccasecca, the castle of his father Landulf, count of Aquino, in the territori ...

... GON (in Span. Aragon), a captaincygeneral, and formerly a kingdom of Spain; bounded on the N. by the Pyrenees, which separate it from France, on the E. by Catalonia and Valencia, S. by Valencia, and W. by the two Castiles and Navarre. Pop. (1900) 912,711; area ...

... cle ARGYLLSHIRE. ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, sth earl of Argyll (1530-' 573). was the elder son of Archibald, 4th earl of Argyll (d. 1558), and a grandson of Colin, the 3rd earl (d. 1530). His great-grandfather was the 2nd earl, Archibald, who was killed at Flodden in ...

ARMFELT. OUSTAF MAURITZ, COUNT (1757-1814), son of Charles II. 's general, Carl Gustaf Armfelt, was born in Finland on the jist of March 1757. In 1774 he became an ensign in the guards, but his frivolity provoked the displeasure of Gustavus III. and he thought ...

... the service of James VI., with whom he became a favourite. When the king succeeded to the English throne, Archy was appointed court jester. In 1611 he was granted a pension of two shillings a day, and in 1617 he accompanied James on his visit to Scotland. His ...

... USTINE (1710-1778), English musical composer, was born in London on the izth of March 1710, his father being an upholsterer. Intended for the legal profession, he was educated at Eton, and afterwards apprenticed to an attorney for three years. His natural incl ...

... her-in-law, Friedrich von Savigny, the famous jurist, at Marburg. In 1807 she made at Weimar the acquaintance of Goethe, for whom she entertained a violent passion, which the poet, although entering into correspondence with her, did not requite, but only regar ...

... ly of the Gudbrandsdal, which is believed to have died with him. He became a student at the university in 1833, but as early as 1832, in his twentieth year, he had begun to collect and write down all the fairy stories and legends which he could meet with. Late ...

... ract. The farmer or contractor is called an asentista. The word acquired a considerable notoriety in English and American history, on account of the " Asiento Treaty " of 1 7 1 3. Until 1 702 the Spanish government had given the contract for the supply of negr ...

... ha, the daughter of the conquered sovereign of Quito. His brother Huascar succeeded Huayna Capac in 1527; for, as Atahuallpa was not descended on both sides from the line of Incas, Peruvian law considered him illegitimate. He obtained, however, the kingdom of ...

... , EARLS AND DUKES OF. The Stewart line of the Scottish earls of Atholl, which ended with the $th Stewart earl in 1595, the earldom reverting to the crown, had originated with Sir John Stewart of Balveny (d. 1512), who was created earl of Atholl about 1457 (new ...

AUBUSSON, PIERRE D' (1423-1503), grand-master of the order of St John of Jerusalem, and a zealous opponent of the Turks, was born in 1423. He belonged to a noble French family, and early devoted himself to the career of a soldier in the service of the emperor ...

... ARNOUL D' («. 1305-1370), French soldier, was born at Audrehem, in the present department of Pas de Calais, near St Omer. Nothing is known of his career before 1332, when he is heard of at the court of the king of France. Between 1335 and 1342 he went three t ...

AUSTRIA. (Ger. OsterreicK), a country of central Europe, bounded E. by Russia and Rumania, S. by Hungary, the Adriatic Sea and Italy, W. by Switzerland, Liechtenstein and the German empire (Bavaria), and N. by the German empire (Saxony and Prussia) and Russia. ...

... uted the mainstay of the imperial armies in the i6th century. Maximilian I. and Charles V. are recorded to have marched and carried the " long pike " in their ranks. Maximilian also formed a corps of Kyrissrr, who were the origin of the modern cuirassiers. It ...

Montereau Charles deliberately murdered the suppliant duke, as he knelt to do homage, thinking thereby that he would make an end of the Burgundian party (Sept. 9, 1419). This abominable deed gave northern France for twenty years to an English master. The young ...

ELECTRICITY. This article is devoted to a general sketch of the history of the development of electrical knowledge on both the theoretical and the practical sides. The two great branches of electrical theory which concern the phenomena of electricity at rest, ...

... isters of New England churches. Among them were some of those men of mark who made the backbone of the American character: the sturdy Puritan, Peter Bulkeley, sometime rector of Odell in Bedfordshire, and afterward pastor of the church in the wilderness at Con ...

EMILIA, a territorial division (compartimenlo) of Italy, bounded by Venetia and Lombardy on the N., Liguria on the W., Tuscany on the S., the Marches on the S.E., and the Adriatic Sea on the E. It has an area of 7967 sq. m., and a population of 2,477,690 (1901 ...