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EON DE BEAUMONT, CHARLES GENEVIEVE LOUISE AUGUSTE ANDR£ TIMOTHEE D' (1728-1810), commonly known as the CHEVALIER o'EoN, French political adventurer, famous for the supposed mystery of his sex, was born near Tonnerre in Burgundy, on the 7th of October 1728. He ...

... 3 for the lower subdivision of the rocks of the Tertiary Era. The term was intended to convey the idea that this was the period which saw the dawn of the recent or existing forms of life, because it was estimated that among the fossils of this period only 3! % ...

ARBOIS DE JUBAINVILLE, MARIE HENRI D' (1827-1910), French historian and philologist, was born at Nancy on the $th of December 1827. In 1851 he left the Ecole des Charles with the degree of palaeographk archivist. He was placed in control of the departmental ar ...

ARCOS DE LA FRONTERA, a town of southern Spain, in the province of Cadiz ; on the right bank of the river Guadalete, which flows past Santa Maria into the Bay of Cadiz. Pop. ( 1 900) 13,926. The town occupies a ridge of sandstone, washed on three sides by the ...

ARNALDUS DE VILLA NOVA, also called ARNALOUS DE VlLLANUEVA, ARNALDUS VlLLANOVANUS Or AttiAUD DE VlLLENEUVE (c.' 1235-1313), alchemist, astrologer and physician, appears to have been of Spanish origin, and to have studied chemistry, medicine, physics, and also ...

CHARLES MARC RENE DE VOYER, marquis d'Argenson (1796-1862), son of the preceding, was born at Boulogne-surSeine on the 20th of April 1796. He concerned himself little with politics. He was, however, a member of the councilgeneral of Vienne for six years, but w ...

DE TURRECREMATA, Spanish ecclesiastic, was born at Valladolid, in 1388, and was educated in that city. At an early age he joined the Dominican order, and soon distinguished himself for learning and devotion. In 1415 he accompanied the general of his order to t ...

ERCILLA Y ZUNIGA, ALONSO DE (1533-1595), Spanish soldier and poet, was born in Madrid on the 7th of August 1533. In 1548 he was appointed page to the heir-apparent, afterwards Philip II. In this capacity Ercilla visited Italy, Germany and the Netherlands, and ...

ESCOVEDO, JUAN DE (d. 1578), Spanish politician, secretary of Don John of Austria, and chiefly notable as having been the victim of one of the mysteries of the i6th century, began life in the household of Ruy Gomez de Silva, prince of Eboli, the most trusted m ...

... e German empire, formed, in 1863, by the amalgamation of the two duchies Anhalt-Dessau-Cothen and Anhalt-Bernburg, and comprising all the various Anhalt territories which were sundered apart in 1603. The country now known as Anhalt consists of two larger porti ...

... ual beings, including human souls; in practice, however, the term is often extended to include panlhclism or animalism, the doctrine that a great part, if not the whole, of the inanimate kingdom, as well at all animated beings, are endowed with reason, intelli ...

... rmcltonidac, with relatively short and apically clubbed antennae and four large densely reticulated wings in which the apical veins enclose regular oblong spaces. The perfect insects are for the most part nocturnal and are believed to be carnivorous. The best- ...

... t wasonly in the iSth century that their true nature and structure came to be understood. By the ancients and the earlier naturalists of the Christian era they were regarded either as petrifactions or as plants, and many supposed that they occupied a position ...

... Greek for " coal," or " carbuncle," so called by the ancients because they regarded it as burning like coal; cf. the French equivalent charbon; also known as fievre charbonneuse, Milzbrand, splenic fever, and malignant pustule), an acute, specific, infectious, ...

... tion of the anti-Semites, who have given the movement its quasiscientific name, declare that it is a racial struggle — an incident of the eternal conflict between Europe and Asia — and that the anti-Semites are engaged in an effort to prevent what is called th ...

... e), the name given to substances which are used for the prevention of bacterial development in animal or vegetable matter. Some are true germicides, capable of destroying the bacteria, whilst others merely prevent or inhibit their growth. The antiseptic method ...

... s was in business. But he was an enthusiastic amateur actor, and in 1887 he founded in Paris the Theatre Libre, in order to realize his ideas as to the proper development of dramatic art. For an account of his work, which had enormous influence on the French s ...

... nd of April 1806. He was educated for the priesthood, but, after taking minor orders, gave up the idea of becoming a priest, and chose an administrative career. Created secular prelate, he was sent as apostolic delegate to Viterbo, where he early manifested hi ...

... ek term for a substitution of any epithet or phrase for a proper name; as " Pelides," or " the son of Peleus," for Achilles; " the Stagirite " for Aristotle; " the author of Paradise Lost " for Milton; " the little corporal " for Napoleon I. ; " Macedonia's ma ...

ANTRAIGUES. EMMANUEL HENRI LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE LAUNAY, COMTE D' (c. 1755-1812), French publicist and political adventurer, was a nephew of Francois Emmanuel de Saint-Priest (1735-1821), one of the last ministers of Louis XVI. He was a cavalry captain, but, havi ...

... e and Turnhout are among the towns of the province. Its importance, however, is derived from the fact that it contains the commercial metropolis of Belgium. It is divided into three administrative districts (arrondissements), viz. Antwerp, Malines and Turnhout ...

ANU, a Babylonian deity, who, by virtue of being the first figure in a triad consisting of Anu, Bel and Ea, came to be regarded as the father and king of the gods. Anu is so prominently associated with the city of Erech in southern Babylonia that there are goo ...

... ApalachicoU river. Pop. (1800) 2727; (1900) 3077, of whom 1580 were of ru-j;ro descent; (1005) 3244; (iQio) 3065. It is served by the Apalachirola Northern railway (to Chattahoochee, Florida), and by river steamers which afford connexion with railways at Carr ...

APOLLONIUS OF TYRE, a medieval tale supposed to be derived from a lost Greek original. The earliest mention of the story is in the Carmina (Bk. vi. 8, 11. 5-6) of Venantius Fortunatus, in the second half of the 6th century, and the romance may well date from t ...

... arius, a keeper of an apothccti, Gr. OTO^KI/, a store), a word used by Galen to denote the repository where his medicines were kept, now obsolete in its original sense. An apothecary was one who prepared, sold and prescribed drugs, but the preparing and sellin ...

... n the 26th of February 1786, at Estagel, a small village near Perpignan, in the department of the eastern Pyrenees. He was the eldest of four brothers. Jean (17881836) emigrated to America and became a general in the Mexican army. Jacques Etienne Victor (1799- ...

... HEEV. ALEKSYEI ANDREEVICH, COUNT (17601834), Russian soldier and statesman, was descended from an ancient family of Great Novgorod. From his mother, Elizabeth Vitlitsaya, he inherited most of his characteristics, an insatiable love of work, an almost pedantic ...

... d Romans, the cultivation of timber-trees on a large scale only took place in modern times. In the days of Charlemagne, the greater part of France and Germany was covered with immense forests; and one of the benefits conferred on France by that prince was the ...

... ed the rattle. He took a prominent part in state affairs, and, contrary to precedent, was seven times elected commander of the army. Under his leadership, Tarentum fought with unvarying success against the Messapii, Lucania and even Syracuse. After a life of h ...

... magistrate in many ancient Greek states. It is only in Athens that we have any detailed knowledge of the office, and even in this one case the evidence presents problems of the first importance which are incapable of decisive solution. There is no doubt that ...

ARCIS-SUR-AUBE, a town of eastern France, capital of an arrondissement in the department of Aube, on the left bank of the Aube, 23 m. N. of Troyes on the Eastern railway to Chalonssur-Marne. Pop. (1906) 2803. Fires in 1719, 1727 and 1814 destroyed the ancient ...

... battle of Arcola (isth, i6th and I7th of November 1796), in which the French, under General Napoleon Bonaparte, defeated the Austrians commanded by Allvintzy (see FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS).

... uents recognized were nitrogen and oxygen. The analysis of air was conducted by determining the amount of oxygen present and assuming the remainder to be nitrogen. Since the time of Henry Cavendish no one seemed even to have asked the question whether the resi ...

... ll movable cupboard, or " wardrobe," with one or more doors. It has varied considerably in shape and size, and the decoration of its doors and sides has faithfully represented mutations of fashion and modifications of use. It was originally exceedingly massive ...

... the service of James VI., with whom he became a favourite. When the king succeeded to the English throne, Archy was appointed court jester. In 1611 he was granted a pension of two shillings a day, and in 1617 he accompanied James on his visit to Scotland. His ...

... reorganization of the Ionian Islands, and was nominated to the Institute and made secretary general of the university. He was faithful to his patron through his misfortunes, and after the Hundred Days remained in exile until 1819. In 1829 he was re-elected to ...

... NDT, ERNST MORITZ (1769-1860), German poet and patriot, was born on the 26th of December 1769 at Schoritz in the island of RUgen, which at that time belonged to Sweden. He was the son of a prosperous farmer, and emancipated serf of the lord of the district, Co ...

... here for forty years he lived in monastic seclusion at Scetis in the Thebais, under the spiritual guidance of St John the Dwarf. He is said to have gained the admiration of his fellows by the extreme rigour of his asceticism. The remainder of his life he spent ...

... e fought on the list and 22nd of May 1809 between the French and their allies under Napoleon and the Austrians commanded by the archduke Charles (see NAPOLEONIC CAMPAIGNS). At the time of the battle Napoleon was in possession of Vienna, the bridges over the Da ...

ASTORGA, a city of N.W. Spain, in the province of Leon; situated near the right bank of the river Tuerto, and at the junction of the Salamanca-Corunna and Leon-Astorga railways. Pop. (1000) 5573. Astorga was the Roman Asturica Augusta, a provincial capital, an ...