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ERNESTI. JOHANN CHRISTIAN GOTTLIEB (1756-1802), German classical scholar, was born at Arnstadt, Thuringia, and studied under his uncle, J. A. Ernest i, at the university of Leipzig. On the 5th of June, 1782, he was made supplementary professor of philosophy at ...

ERNESTI, JOHANN AUGUST (1707-1781), German theologian and philologist, was born on the 4th of August 1707, at Tennstadt in Thuringia, of which place his father was pastor, besides being superintendent of the electoral dioceses of Thuringia, Salz and Sangerhaus ...

... influence mainly determined his theological position and line of work was J. A. Ernesti. Teller's writings present rationalism in its course of development from biblical supernaturalism to the borders of deistical naturalism. His first learned production was a ...

Contemporaneously with the early developments of the Christian churches just described, another line of treatment was being evolved in central Syria, which would seem to have been quite independent of the others, though at first sight it bears considerable res ...

ESCHSCHOLTZ. JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1793-1831), Russian traveller and naturalist, was born in November 1793, at Dorpat, where he died in May 1831. He was naturalist and physician to Otto von Kotzebue's exploring expedition during 1815-1818. On his return he was app ...

... e at the beginning of both; European morals have been ineradicably semitized by Christianity, and the Jews have been Europeans for over a thousand years, during which their character has been modified and in some respects transformed by the ecclesiastical and ...

... not driven"; Lambert Danaeus, who deserves remembrance as the first to discuss Christian ethics scientifically, apart from dogmatics; Johannes Drusius, the Orientalist, one of the most enlightened and advanced scholars of his day, settled later at Franeker; J ...

... enfels (1868); Joseph II. und Katharina von Russland, ihr Brirfteechsel (1869); Johann Christian Barthenstein und seine /.fit (1871); Joseph II. und Leopold von Toskana, ihr Briefwechsel (2 vols., 1872); Briefe der Koiserin Maria Theresa an ihre Kinder und Fre ...

... . No more congruous arrangement could have been devised than the inheritance by Johann Kepler of the wealth of materials amassed by Tycho Brahe. The younger man's genius K*fttr supplied what was wanting to his predecessor. Tycho's endowments were of the practi ...

... different waters of Gastein; and lastly the thermal waters of Teplitz-SchOnau, Johannisbad, and of Romerbad in Styria. Altogether there arc reckoned to exist over 1500 mineral springs, of which many are not used. (O. BR.) Otology. — The Austro-Hungarian" Mona ...

... , was born in Hamburg on the i2th of August 1720. In 1739 he became a member of Johann Friedrich Schonemann's (1704-1782) company in Luneburg, and made his first appearance thereon the isth of January 1740 as Xiphares in Racine's Mithridate. From 1751 the Scho ...

... d co-discoverer with him of the facts of electrostatic induction was the Swede, Johann Karl Wilcke (1732-1796), then resident in Germany, who in 1762 published an account of experiments in which a metal plate held above the upper surface of a glass table was s ...

... icals. He also wrote in 1832 Le Litre nouteau, intended as a substitute for the Christian Scriptures, but it was not published. See G. Weill, L'Ecole Saint-Simonienne, son kistoire, son influence, jusqu' a nos jours (Paris, 1896). ENFIDAVILLE [Dar-el- Bey], a ...

... e. Erasmus was at Deventer from 1475 to 1484, and when he left, had learnt from Johannes Sinthius (Syntheim) and Alexander Hegius, who had come as headmaster in 1483, the love of letters which was the ruling passion of his life. At some period, perhaps in an i ...

... of the Lord's Supper, replying (1565) to the counter arguments of the Lutheran Johann Marbach, of Strassburg. He ineffectually resisted the efforts of the Calvinists, led by Caspar Olevianus, to introduce the Presbyterian polity and discipline, which were est ...

ESMARCH. JOHANNES FRIEDRICH AUGUST VON (18231008), German surgeon, was born at Tim n ing, in SchleswigHolstein, on the gth of January 1823. He studied at Kiel and Gbttingen, and in 1846 became B. R. K. von Langenbeck's assistant at the Kiel surgical hospital. ...

... ), apparently copied from a rough drawing in a London letter from the traveller Johannes de Witt, was discovered by Dr Karl Gaedertz in a manuscript volume in the Utrecht University library, consisting of the commonplace book of Arend van Buchell (1565-1641). ...

... -yos, theory). But doctrine counted for less in Greek or Roman religion than in Christianity, and forms of worship for more. In the oldest usage #60X6701 were those who dealt in myths, like Hesiod and like the supposed Orpheus, the 6fti\byos par excellence. Pa ...

... he Mushi-Kongo and other divisions of the Ba-Kongo retain curious traces of the Christianity professed by them in the i6th and iyth centuries and possibly later. Crucifixes are used as potent fetish charms or as symbols of power passing down from chief to chie ...

... ravaged during the Thirty Years' War, and in the earlier part of this struggle Christian I. of An halt- Bernburg took an important part. In 1635 an arrangement was made by the various princes of Anhalt, which gave a certain authority to the eldest member of t ...

... Moors in 1410, and became until 1492 one of the most important outposts of the Christian power in Spain. See C. Fernandez, Historic de Antequera. desde su fondacion (Malaga, 1842).

ANTHONY, SAINT, the first Christian monk, was born in Egypt about 250. At the age of twenty he began to practise an ascetical life in the neighbourhood of his native place, and after fifteen years of this life he withdrew into solitude to a mountain by the Nil ...

... cture came to be understood. By the ancients and the earlier naturalists of the Christian era they were regarded either as petrifactions or as plants, and many supposed that they occupied a position midway between minerals and plants. The discovery of the anim ...

... ies of signalizing his clemency. Instead of stirring up persecution against the Christians, he extended to them the strong hand of his protection throughout the empire. Rather than give occasion to that oppression which he regarded as inseparable from an emper ...

... unts of type into Rumania, and he printed there the first Arabic missal for the Christians of the East (Ramnicu, 1702). He also trained Georgians in the art of printing, and cut the type with which under his pupil Mihail Ishtvanovitch they printed the first Ge ...

... ntury B.C., and attained its highest magnificence about the commencement of the Christian era. In its prime it ranked beside Nineveh and Babylon in its colossal proportions — its four walls, each 16 m. long, enclosing an area of 256 sq. m., — in the number of ...

... e a revolution in the former; mapping afresh ah1 the chief countries of the pre-Christian civilizations (especially Egypt), and by his Memoire et abrege de giographie ancienne et generate and his Etats jormls en Europe apres la chute de I' empire remain en acc ...

... , a Greek philosopher of the NeoPythagorean school, born a few years before the Christian era. He studied at Tarsus and in the temple of Asclepius at Aegae, where he devoted himself to the doctrines of Pythagoras and adopted the ascetic habit of life in its fu ...

... ested that these latter passages are subsequent accretions. Since Apollos was a Christian and " taught exactly," he could hardly have been acquainted only with John's baptism or have required to be taught Christianity more thoroughly by Aquila and Priscilla. M ...

APOLLYON, the " foul fiend " who assaulted Christian on his pilgrimage through the Valley of Humiliation in John Bunyan's great allegory. The name (Gr. 'AToXXwov), which means " destroyer " (diroXXwii', to destroy), is taken from Rev. ix. n, where it represent ...

APOLOGETICS, in theology, the systematic statement of the grounds which Christians allege for belief in (at least) a supernatural revelation and a divine redemption (cf. e.g. Heb. i. 1-3). The majority of apologists in the past have further believed in an infa ...

... ommander), a term generally employed to describe a complete renunciation of the Christian faith, or even an exchange of one form of it for another, especially if the motive be unworthy. In the first centuries of the Christian era, apostasy was most commonly in ...

... oXow; Aquila, irpetr/Seuras), a technical term used in the New Testament and in Christian literature generally for a special envoy of Jesus Christ. How far it had any similar use in Judaism in Christ's day is uncertain; but in the 4th century A.D., at any rate ...

APOSTOLIC FATHERS, a term used to distinguish those early Christian writers who were believed to have been the personal associates of the original Apostles. While the title " Fathers " was given from at least the beginning of the 4th century to church writers ...

... 00 it was conferred by Pope Silvester II. upon St Stephen (075-1038), the first Christian king of Hungary, in return for his zeal in seeking the conversion of the heathen. It was renewed by Pope Clement XIII. in 1758 hi favour of the empress Maria Theresa and ...

... timate of all was that of Whiston, who calls them " the most sacred standard of Christianity, equal in authority to the Gospels themselves, and superior in authority to the epistles of single apostles, some parts of them being our Saviour's own original laws d ...

APOSTOLICI, APOSTOLIC BRETHREN, or APOSTLES, the names given to various Christian heretics, whose common doctrinal feature was an ascetic rigidity of morals, which made them reject property and marriage. The earliest Apostolici appeared in Phrygia, Cilicia, Pi ...

APOTACTITEI, or ApotAcna (from Gr. drorcurfe, set apart), a sect of early Christians, who renounced all their worldly possessions. (See APOSTOLICI ad inil.)

... r his death, being in the hands of the senate, did not at once cease, even when Christianity was officially adopted. The Latin term is consecratio, which of course has a variety of senses, including simple burial. (Inscription in G. Boissier, La Religion romai ...

AQUARII, a name given to the Christians who substituted water for wine in the Eucharist. They were not a sect, for we find the practice widely in vogue at an early time, even among the orthodox. In Greek they were called Hydro parastatae, or those who offer wa ...