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ESCHER VON DER LINTH. ARNOLD (1807-1872), Swiss geologist, the son of Hans Conrad Escher (1767-1823), was born at Zurich on the 8th of June 1807. In 1856 he became professor of geology at the Ecole Polytechnique at Zurich. His researches led him to be regarded ...

ESCHENMAYER, ADAM KARL AUGUST VON (1768-1852), German philosopher and physicist, was born at Neuenburg in Wurttemberg in July 1768. After receiving his early education at the Caroline academy of Stuttgart, he entered the university of Tubingen, where he receiv ...

ARNOLD, known as " ARNOLD OF BRESCIA " (d. 1155), one of the most ardent adversaries of the temporal power of the popes. He belonged to a family of importance, if not noble, and was born probably at Brescia, in Italy, towards the end of the nth century. He dis ...

ARNETH. ALFRED. RITTER VON (1810-1807), Austrian historian, born at Vienna on the loth of July 1819, was the son of Joseph Calasanza von Arneth (1791-1863), a well-known historian and archaeologist, who wrote a history of the Austrian empire (Vienna, 1827) and ...

AUERSPERG, ANTON ALEXANDER, GRAF VON (1806-1876), Austrian poet, who wrote under the pseudonym of ANASTASIUS GRUN,wasbornon the nth of April 1806, at Laibach, the capital of the Austrian duchy of Carniola, and was head of the Thurn-amHart branch of the Carniol ...

ESMARCH. JOHANNES FRIEDRICH AUGUST VON (18231008), German surgeon, was born at Tim n ing, in SchleswigHolstein, on the gth of January 1823. He studied at Kiel and Gbttingen, and in 1846 became B. R. K. von Langenbeck's assistant at the Kiel surgical hospital. ...

ETTINGSHAUSEN. CONSTANTIN. BARON VON (1826-1897), Austrian geologist and botanist, was born in Vienna on the i6th of June 1826. He graduated as a doctor of medicine in Vienna, and became in 1854 professor of botany and natural history at the medical and surgic ...

VARNHAGEN VON ENSE, KARL AUGUST (1785-1858), German biographer, was born at Dusseldorf on the 2ist of February 1785. He studied medicine at Berlin, but devoted more attention to philosophy and literature, which he afterwards studied more thoroughly at Halle an ...

... ristianity which seeks to extricate the " spiritual " from the" supernatural " (Arnold Toynbee, characterizing T.H. Green). It would only lead to confusion, however, if we called this method " apologetic." Any single effort in apologetics may be termed " an ap ...

... n 798 Salzburg was made the seat of an archbishopric; and Arno, as the first holder of this office, became metropolitan of Bavaria and received the pallium from Pope Leo III. The area of his authority was extended to the east by the conquests of Charlemagne ov ...

... ed in a spirit of satirical invective, and attacked Tennyson, Browning, Matthew Arnold and Swinburne in no half-hearted fashion. The book aroused some discussion at the time, but its judgments were extremely uncritical. In 1881 Mr Austin returned to verse with ...

... e rector of Odell in Bedfordshire, and afterward pastor of the church in the wilderness at Concord, New Hampshire; the zealous evangelist, Father Samuel Moody of Agamenticus in Maine, who pursued graceless sinners even EMERSON into the alehouse; Joseph Emerson ...

... pontificate. It was to Eugenius that Bernard addressed his famous work De consider alionc. Immediately after his election, the Roman senators demanded the pope's renunciation of temporal power. He refused and fled to Farfa, where he was consecrated on the I7t ...

UNITED STATES, THE, the short title usually given to the great federal republic which had its origin in the revolt of the British colonies in North America, when, in the Declaration of Independence, they described themselves as " The Thirteen United States of ...

... nhalt-Bernburg, and comprising all the various Anhalt territories which were sundered apart in 1603. The country now known as Anhalt consists of two larger portions — Eastern and Western Anhalt, separated by the interposition of a part of Prussian Saxony — and ...

... ochstadt, in which the Austrians and their allies were defeated by the French under Marshal Villars (September 20,1703). In the campaign of 1 704 the Prussian contingent served under Prince Louis of Baden and subsequently under Eugene, and Leopold himself won ...

... of the ANIMAL— ANIMAL HEAT indigo-yielding plants, Indigofera anil, anil being derived from the Sanskrit nila, dark-blue, and nlld, the indigo plant. About the same time N. N. Zinin found that on reducing nitrobenzene, a base was formed which he named bcnzida ...

... heir outward form; (B) according to their inward meaning, which may of course undergo transformations. (A) There are two broad divisions: (i) all animals of a given species are sacred, perhaps owing to the impossibility of distinguishing the sacred few from th ...

ANTHEM, derived from the Gr. (bri^wca, through the Saxon antefn, a word which originally had the same meaning as antiphony (?.».). It is now, however, generally restricted to a form of church music, particularly in the service of the Church of England, in whic ...

... ssitating expiatory libations; on them the souls of the dead came up from the underworld and walked abroad; people chewed leaves of whitethorn and besmeared their doors with tar to protect themselves from evil. But at least in private circles the festive chara ...

... sbon on the i sth of August 1195. Inhisfifteenthyearheentered the Augustinian order, and subsequently joined the Franciscans in i 220. He wished to devote himself to missionary labours in North Africa, but the ship in which he sailed was cast by a storm on the ...

... t wasonly in the iSth century that their true nature and structure came to be understood. By the ancients and the earlier naturalists of the Christian era they were regarded either as petrifactions or as plants, and many supposed that they occupied a position ...

... Scotland, and " Kilkenny coal " in Ireland. The imperfect anthracite of north Devon, which however is only used as a pigment, is known as culm, the same term being used in geological classification to distinguish the strata in which it is found, and similar st ...

... while it is epizootic, and even panzootic, in the swampy regions of Esthonia, Livonia, Courland, and especially of Siberia, where it is known as the Sibirskajajaswa (Siberian boil-plague). The records of anthrax go back to a very ancient date. It is supposed t ...

... from central Europe. In the ghetto, the pastoral Semite, who had been made a wanderer by the destruction of his nationality, was steadily trained, through centuries, to become an urban European, with all the parasitic activities of urban economics, and all the ...

... ugh Neagh, dividing it from the counties Armagh and Tyrone, and by county Londonderry, the boundary with which is the river Bann. The area is 751,965 acres or about 1175 sq. m. A large portion of the county is hilly, especially in the east, where the highest e ...

... , but having in the following year made a success with his anti-clerical drama, Der Pfarrer von Kirchfeld, he gave up his appointment and devoted himself entirely to literature. He died at Vienna on the loth of December 1889. Anzengruber was exceedingly fertil ...

... TE, a widely distributed mineral, which, when found in large masses, is of considerable economic value as a phosphate. As a mineral species it was first recognized by A. G. Werner in 1786 and named by him from the Greek &raray, to deceive, because it had previ ...

... slation of Books v.-vii., but the best MS. (Bodl. 043) he only referred to in order to correct his translation, and it is still unpublished except for a fragment of Book v. published by L. Nix with German translation ( Drugulin, Leipzig, 1 889) . Halley added ...

... es and the life of Apollonius were more valuable than those of Christ and, in modern times, Voltaire and Charles Blount (1654-1693), the English freethinker, have adopted a similar standpoint. Apart from this extravagant eulogy, it is absurd to regard Apolloni ...

APOLLONIUS OF TYRE, a medieval tale supposed to be derived from a lost Greek original. The earliest mention of the story is in the Carmina (Bk. vi. 8, 11. 5-6) of Venantius Fortunatus, in the second half of the 6th century, and the romance may well date from t ...

... ccasioned serious controversy. The emperor Julian's " Apostasy " is discussed under JULIAN. applied in practice; and to we find " apostle " used in several tenses, once it emerges as a technical term. 1. In the Apostolic age itself, "apostle" often denotes sim ...

... apostolici, sive SS. Patrumquitemporibusapostolicis floruerunt . . . opera," under which in 1672 J. B. Cotelier published at Paris the writings current under the names of Barnabas, Clement of Rome, Hennas, Ignatius and Polycarp. But the name itself is due to ...

... e to show the methods and aims, and the complex and expensive equipment, of a modern aquarium: — " The zoological station at Naples is an institution for the advancement of biological science — that is, of comparative anatomy, zoology, botany, physiology. It s ...

... . The Christians generally disliked it, alleging without due grounds that it rendered the Messianic passages incorrectly, but Jerome and Origen speak in its praise. Origen incorporated it in his Hexapla. It was thought that this was the only copy extant, but i ...

... s on the north-east, not far from the site where, two years before, Gaulish invaders had attempted to settle. The colony was led by two men of consular and one of praetorian rank, and 3000 peditcs formed the bulk of the settlers. It was probably connected by r ...

... ity of Naples, leaving it in his sixteenth year. While there he probably came under the influence of the Dominicans, who were doing their utmost to enlist within their ranks the ablest young scholars of the age, for in spite of the opposition of his family, wh ...

... sioned a weary stay of three months; Arago, therefore, set out for it by land under conduct of a Mahommedan priest, and reached it on Christmas day. After six months' stay in Algiers he once again, on the 2ist of June 1809, set sail for Marseilles, where he ha ...

... gardens. The botanical gardens at Kew were thrown open to the public in 1841 under the directorate of Sir William Hooker. Including the arboretum, their total area did not then exceed 1 1 acres. Four years later the pleasure grounds and gardens at Kew occupie ...

... dges, enclosing a series of upland plains whose waters have no egress save by underground channels or terethra. The western country is more open, with isolated mountain-groups and winding valleys, where the Alpheus with its tributaries the Ladon and Erymanthus ...