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ESCHSCHOLTZ. JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1793-1831), Russian traveller and naturalist, was born in November 1793, at Dorpat, where he died in May 1831. He was naturalist and physician to Otto von Kotzebue's exploring expedition during 1815-1818. On his return he was app ...

ESMARCH. JOHANNES FRIEDRICH AUGUST VON (18231008), German surgeon, was born at Tim n ing, in SchleswigHolstein, on the gth of January 1823. He studied at Kiel and Gbttingen, and in 1846 became B. R. K. von Langenbeck's assistant at the Kiel surgical hospital. ...

ERNESTI, JOHANN AUGUST (1707-1781), German theologian and philologist, was born on the 4th of August 1707, at Tennstadt in Thuringia, of which place his father was pastor, besides being superintendent of the electoral dioceses of Thuringia, Salz and Sangerhaus ...

ERNESTI. JOHANN CHRISTIAN GOTTLIEB (1756-1802), German classical scholar, was born at Arnstadt, Thuringia, and studied under his uncle, J. A. Ernest i, at the university of Leipzig. On the 5th of June, 1782, he was made supplementary professor of philosophy at ...

... Karl Marx (1818-1883). Moses Hess (1812-1875), Ignatz Kuranda (1811-1884), and Johann Jacob! (1805-1877). When the revolution was completed, and the Jews entered in a body the national life of Germany and Austria, they sustained this high average in all the i ...

... . No more congruous arrangement could have been devised than the inheritance by Johann Kepler of the wealth of materials amassed by Tycho Brahe. The younger man's genius K*fttr supplied what was wanting to his predecessor. Tycho's endowments were of the practi ...

... , was born in Hamburg on the i2th of August 1720. In 1739 he became a member of Johann Friedrich Schonemann's (1704-1782) company in Luneburg, and made his first appearance thereon the isth of January 1740 as Xiphares in Racine's Mithridate. From 1751 the Scho ...

... e as the residence of a group of poets and writers, of whom the best-known were Johann Heinrich Voss, the brothers Stolberg, and Friedrich Heinrich Jacobi. In the neighbourhood is a beautiful tract of country, rich in beech forests and fjords, known as " the H ...

... are moored in the harbour of Mergellina, situated dose by. The larger steamer, 'Johannes M tiller' (15 m. long, zj m. wide, i m. draught), which can steam eight to ten English miles per hour, is provided with a steam dredge working to a depth of eighty fathoms ...

... teacher of Greek till his death. Among his scholars were Angelus Politianus and Johann Reuchlin. His principal works were translations of the following portions of Aristotle, — Categoriae, De Interpretation, Analytica Posterior a, Physica, De Caelo, De Anima, ...

... as the first to discuss Christian ethics scientifically, apart from dogmatics; Johannes Drusius, the Orientalist, one of the most enlightened and advanced scholars of his day, settled later at Franeker; Johann Kolmann the younger, best known by his saying tha ...

... his memory at Schoritz, his birthplace, and at Bonn, where he is buried. ARNDT, JOHANN (1555-1621), German Lutheran theologian, was born at Ballenstedt, in Anhalt, and studied in several universities. He was at Helmstadt in 1576; at Wittenberg in 1577. At Witt ...

... enfels (1868); Joseph II. und Katharina von Russland, ihr Brirfteechsel (1869); Johann Christian Barthenstein und seine /.fit (1871); Joseph II. und Leopold von Toskana, ihr Briefwechsel (2 vols., 1872); Briefe der Koiserin Maria Theresa an ihre Kinder und Fre ...

... roche (1731-1807), at Offenbach, and from 1803 to 1806 with her brother-in-law, Friedrich von Savigny, the famous jurist, at Marburg. In 1807 she made at Weimar the acquaintance of Goethe, for whom she entertained a violent passion, which the poet, although en ...

... chronographcrs). In Plutarch, Dr furl. Alex. ii. 3. 5, he is called Oarsei, in Johannes \ntioch. p. 38, Anamoj; in the canon of Ptolemy, Aroget (by Elias of Nisibis, PliHt); in a chronological tablet from Babylou (Brit. Mus. Sp. ii. 71, Zeitschrift Jiir Assyr ...

... n provinces and Asmara was chosen by Ras Alula, the representative of the negus Johannes (King John), as his headquarters. Shortly afterwards the Italians occupied Massawa, and in 1889 Asmara (see ABYSSINIA: History). In 1900 the seat of government was transfe ...

... different waters of Gastein; and lastly the thermal waters of Teplitz-SchOnau, Johannisbad, and of Romerbad in Styria. Altogether there arc reckoned to exist over 1500 mineral springs, of which many are not used. (O. BR.) Otology. — The Austro-Hungarian" Mona ...

... stian of Saxe-Eisenberg (d. 1707), Bismarck, and the philosopher Karl Christian Friedrich Krause (q.v.). Its principal industries are weaving, a*d the manufacture of machines, ovens, furniture, pianos, porcelain and sausages. See Back, Chronik der Stadt und de ...

... d co-discoverer with him of the facts of electrostatic induction was the Swede, Johann Karl Wilcke (1732-1796), then resident in Germany, who in 1762 published an account of experiments in which a metal plate held above the upper surface of a glass table was s ...

... igars. There is also a considerable trade in timber and cattle. Here the author Johann Georg Schlosser (1739-1799), the husband of Goethe's sister Cornelia (who died in 1777 and is interred in the old graveyard), was Oberamtmann (bailiff) for a few years. 'Inc ...

... ureaus, and Zeitschrift des Statistician Bureaus des KdnigreichsSachsrn. ENGEL, JOHANN JAKOB (1741-1802), German author, was born at Parchim, in Mecklenburg, on the i ith of September 1 741 . He studied theology at Rostock and Biitzow, and philosophy at Leipzi ...

... e. Erasmus was at Deventer from 1475 to 1484, and when he left, had learnt from Johannes Sinthius (Syntheim) and Alexander Hegius, who had come as headmaster in 1483, the love of letters which was the ruling passion of his life. At some period, perhaps in an i ...

... of the Lord's Supper, replying (1565) to the counter arguments of the Lutheran Johann Marbach, of Strassburg. He ineffectually resisted the efforts of the Calvinists, led by Caspar Olevianus, to introduce the Presbyterian polity and discipline, which were est ...

ERDMANN, JOHANN EDUARD (1805-1892),- German philosophical writer, was born at Wolmar in Livonia on the i3th of June 1805. He studied theology at Dorpat and afterwards at Berlin, where he fell under the influence of Hegel.- From 1829 to 1832 he was a minister o ...

ERSCH, JOHANN SAMUEL (1766-1828), the founder of German bibliography, was born at Grossglogau, in Silesia, on the 23rd of June 1766. In 1785 he entered the university of Halle with the view of studying theology; but soon his whole attention became engrossed by ...

ESCHENBURG, JOHANN JOACHIM (1743-1820), German critic and literary historian, was born at Hamburg on the 7th of December 1743. After receiving his early education in his native town, he studied at Leipzig and Gottingen. In 1767 he was appointed tutor, and subs ...

... rry, under the influence of the panic caused by Napoleon's return from Elba. To Friedrich von Gentz they were at best but " partial arrangements," useful as forming an authoritative basis for the establishment of a more complete and satisfactory system. The hi ...

... influential supporters of the Formula Consensus Helvetica, drawn up chiefly by Johann Heinrich Heidegger (1633-1698), in 1675, and of the particular type of Calvinistic theology which that symbol embodied, and an opponent of the theology of Moses Amyraut and ...

... receiving such sounds. The term " telephony " was first used by Philipp Reis of Friedrichsdorf, in a lecture delivered before the Physical Society of Frankfort in i86i.1 But, although this lecture and Reis's subsequent work received considerable notice, little ...

... ompany of the rationalistic theologians of Prussia — F. S. G. Sack (1738-1817), Johann Joachim Spalding (1714-1804) and others — and became one of the leaders of the rationalistic party, and one of the chief contributors to C. F. Nicolai's Allgemeine Deutsche ...

... nsky's murder (25th February 1634) the lordship was granted by Ferdinand II. to Johann Count Aldringen. His sister Anna, who inherited it, married Freiherr Hieronymus von Clary, who assumed the additional name and arms of Aldringen. The family, which was raise ...

... ), apparently copied from a rough drawing in a London letter from the traveller Johannes de Witt, was discovered by Dr Karl Gaedertz in a manuscript volume in the Utrecht University library, consisting of the commonplace book of Arend van Buchell (1565-1641). ...

... ines the finality of Christianity and its superiority to the Old Testament. The Johannine Gospel and Epistles are later than Paulinism, and presuppose its leading or less startling positions. Whatever historical elements may be preserved in Christ's discourses ...

THOLUCK, FRIEDRICH AUGUST GOTTREU (1799-1877), German Protestant divine, was born at Breslau, on the 3oth of March 1799. He received his education at the gymnasium and university of his native town, and early distinguished himself by great versatility of mind ...

TIEDEMANN, FRIEDRICH (1781-1861), German anatomist and physiologist, eldest son of Dietrich Tiedemann (17481803), a philosopher and psychologist of considerable repute, was born at Cassel on the 23rd of August 1781. He graduated in medicine at Marburg in 1804, ...

... d much attention. Those which had been written before his day were collected by Friedrich Rassmann, in 1815 and 1817. But as early as 1795 an anthology of triolets had been published at Halberstadt, and another at Brunswick in 1796. Rassmann distinguished thre ...

TRITHEMIUS, JOHANNES (1462-1516), German historian and divine, was born at Trittenheim on the Moselle, on the ist of February 1462. His name was originally " von Heidenberg," but according to the fashion of the times he adopted the name of his birthplace. Afte ...

UEBERWEG, FRIEDRICH (1826-1871), German historian of philosophy, was born on the 22nd of January 1826 at Leichlingen, in Rhenish Prussia, where his father was Lutheran pastor. Educated at Gottingen and Berlin, he qualified himself at Bonn as Privatdozent in ph ...

... ges, vol. 4, trans, by Mrs G. W. Hamilton (London, 1896); P. SchefferBoichorst, Friedrichs I. letzter Streit mit der Curie (Berlin, 1866) ; W. Meyer, " Zum Streite Kaiser Friedrichs I. mit Papst Urban III.," in Forschungen zur deutschen Geschichte, vol. 19 (18 ...