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ESMARCH. JOHANNES FRIEDRICH AUGUST VON (18231008), German surgeon, was born at Tim n ing, in SchleswigHolstein, on the gth of January 1823. He studied at Kiel and Gbttingen, and in 1846 became B. R. K. von Langenbeck's assistant at the Kiel surgical hospital. ...

ESCHENMAYER, ADAM KARL AUGUST VON (1768-1852), German philosopher and physicist, was born at Neuenburg in Wurttemberg in July 1768. After receiving his early education at the Caroline academy of Stuttgart, he entered the university of Tubingen, where he receiv ...

ARNETH. ALFRED. RITTER VON (1810-1807), Austrian historian, born at Vienna on the loth of July 1819, was the son of Joseph Calasanza von Arneth (1791-1863), a well-known historian and archaeologist, who wrote a history of the Austrian empire (Vienna, 1827) and ...

ESCHSCHOLTZ. JOHANN FRIEDRICH (1793-1831), Russian traveller and naturalist, was born in November 1793, at Dorpat, where he died in May 1831. He was naturalist and physician to Otto von Kotzebue's exploring expedition during 1815-1818. On his return he was app ...

VARNHAGEN VON ENSE, KARL AUGUST (1785-1858), German biographer, was born at Dusseldorf on the 2ist of February 1785. He studied medicine at Berlin, but devoted more attention to philosophy and literature, which he afterwards studied more thoroughly at Halle an ...

... e Jews themselves, was signed by a long list of illustrious men, including Herr von Forckenbeck, Professors Mommsen, Gneist, Droysen, Virchow, and Dr Werner Siemens (Times, November 18, 1880). During the Reichstag elections of 1881 the agitation played an acti ...

... of observational data, was published by Adrien Marie Legendre in 1806, by Carl Friedrich Gauss in his Theoria Molus (1809), which described also a mode of calculating the orbit of a planet from three complete observations, afterwards turned to important accou ...

... t. has been given: — Humboldt, ,.„ Lapparent,1 960 ft. ; Murray,4 939 ft.; ft.; von Tillo,* 1040 it.; Heiderich,7 1230 ft.; Penck,1 meat of iht highnecessary, the nearest multiple of 5 ft. has been given: — Humboldt, 675ft-: Leipoldt,»975ft.: De ' Sujpan,' 950 ...

... account of which is to be found in the fifth book of Vitruvius (written in the Augustan period). Its three main divisions were the auditorium (Lat. cornea; it had no technical name in Greek), the orchestra, and the stage buildings ((Txrivfi, literally " tent ...

THOLUCK, FRIEDRICH AUGUST GOTTREU (1799-1877), German Protestant divine, was born at Breslau, on the 3oth of March 1799. He received his education at the gymnasium and university of his native town, and early distinguished himself by great versatility of mind ...

AUERSPERG, ANTON ALEXANDER, GRAF VON (1806-1876), Austrian poet, who wrote under the pseudonym of ANASTASIUS GRUN,wasbornon the nth of April 1806, at Laibach, the capital of the Austrian duchy of Carniola, and was head of the Thurn-amHart branch of the Carniol ...

ERNESTI, JOHANN AUGUST (1707-1781), German theologian and philologist, was born on the 4th of August 1707, at Tennstadt in Thuringia, of which place his father was pastor, besides being superintendent of the electoral dioceses of Thuringia, Salz and Sangerhaus ...

ESCHER VON DER LINTH. ARNOLD (1807-1872), Swiss geologist, the son of Hans Conrad Escher (1767-1823), was born at Zurich on the 8th of June 1807. In 1856 he became professor of geology at the Ecole Polytechnique at Zurich. His researches led him to be regarded ...

ETTINGSHAUSEN. CONSTANTIN. BARON VON (1826-1897), Austrian geologist and botanist, was born in Vienna on the i6th of June 1826. He graduated as a doctor of medicine in Vienna, and became in 1854 professor of botany and natural history at the medical and surgic ...

... maining branches. This arrangement was carried out after the death of Frederick Augustus of Anhalt-Zerbst in 1 793, and Zerbst was divided between the three remaining princes. During these years the policy of the different princes was marked, perhaps intention ...

... s sent with a Prussian corps to join Prince Eugene in Italy, and on the i6th of August he displayed his bravery at the hard-fought battle of Cassano. In the following year he added to his reputation in the battle of Turin, where he was the first to enter the h ...

... of the followers of Saint Francis of Assisi, was born at Lisbon on the i sth of August 1195. Inhisfifteenthyearheentered the Augustinian order, and subsequently joined the Franciscans in i 220. He wished to devote himself to missionary labours in North Africa, ...

... mpire! Besides notices elsewhere, we find the charge specially dealt with by St Augustine and his friends. Paulus Orosius -argues that the world has always been a vale of tears. Salvian contends that not the acceptance of Christianity, but the sins of the peop ...

... are moored in the harbour of Mergellina, situated dose by. The larger steamer, 'Johannes M tiller' (15 m. long, zj m. wide, i m. draught), which can steam eight to ten English miles per hour, is provided with a steam dredge working to a depth of eighty fathoms ...

... [KASPAR ADLER] (1488-1360), German reformer, was born at Augsburg on the 7th of August 1488, educated there and at Ulm (1502), in Italy (he met Erasmus in Rome), at Bern (1508), Leipzig (1510) and Wittenberg (1513)According to his son, he entered the ministry ...

... ry of Italy was close by in Cicero's day. It was plundered by the lapydes under Augustus, but, in the period of peace which followed, was able to develop its resources. Augustus visited it during the Pannonian wars in 12-10 B.C. and it was the birthplace of Ti ...

... the festival of St Thomas with those of the four great Latin fathers, Ambrose, Augustine, Jerome and Gregory. No theologian save Augustine has had an equal influence on the theological thought and language of the Western Church, a fact which was strongly emph ...

... fishing-boat, and after an adventurous voyage he reached Algiers on the 3rd of August. Thence he procured a passage in a vessel bound for Marseilles, but on the i6th of August, just as the vessel was nearing Marseilles, it fell into the hands of a Spanish cor ...

... d indignant at the king's refusal to accept it, he retired with the majority of von Gagern's adherents from public life. He continued to lecture and to write with freshness and vigour, and on his ooth birthday received from all parts of Germany good wishes and ...

ARNE, THOMAS AUGUSTINE (1710-1778), English musical composer, was born in London on the izth of March 1710, his father being an upholsterer. Intended for the legal profession, he was educated at Eton, and afterwards apprenticed to an attorney for three years. ...

ARNIM, ELISABETH (BETTINA) VON (1785-1859), German authoress, sister of Klemens Brentano, was born at Frankforton-Main on the 4th of April 1785. After being educated at a convent school in Fritzlar, she lived for a while with her grandmother, the novelist, Sop ...

... chronographcrs). In Plutarch, Dr furl. Alex. ii. 3. 5, he is called Oarsei, in Johannes \ntioch. p. 38, Anamoj; in the canon of Ptolemy, Aroget (by Elias of Nisibis, PliHt); in a chronological tablet from Babylou (Brit. Mus. Sp. ii. 71, Zeitschrift Jiir Assyr ...

... e was raised to the throne by those Parthian grandees who would not acknowledge Vonones I., whom Augustus had sent from Rome (where he lived as hostage) as successor of his father Phraates IV. The war between the two pretenders was long and doubtful; on a coin ...

... many tablets, dated from his reign, have been found in Nippur (published by H. von Hilprecht and Clay, The Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania, series A, vol. ix.), and a few others at other places in Babylonia. Inscriptions of the king hi ...

... common practice for men to conceal the day and hour of their tiirth, till, like Augustus, they found a complaisant astrologer. But, as a general rule, medieval and Renaissance astrologers did not give themselves the trouble of reading I he stars, but contented ...

... owards the west by Silurian and I >r-\ onian beds in regular succession — the Devonian being of the Old Red Sandstone type characteristic of the British Isles and of Northern Russia. Throughout, the dip is very low and the beds arc unaffected bv the Carpathian ...

EKHOF, KONRAD (1720-1778), German actor, was born in Hamburg on the i2th of August 1720. In 1739 he became a member of Johann Friedrich Schonemann's (1704-1782) company in Luneburg, and made his first appearance thereon the isth of January 1740 as Xiphares in ...

... that the attraction between the rubbed body and the test object is mutual. Otto von Guericke (1602-1686) constructed the first electrical machine with a revolving ball of sulphur (see ELECTRICAL MACHINE), and noticed that light objects were repelled after bein ...

... a new and potent personality. His Phi Beta Kappa oration at Harvard College in August 1837, on " The American Scholar," was an eloquent appeal for independence, sincerity, realism, in the intellectual life of America. His address before the graduating class o ...

... ly small, and then the rate at which it works is also indefinitely small. M. H. von Jacobi showed that for a given electromotive force in the battery the horse-power is greatest when the current is reduced to one-half of what it would be if the engine were at ...

... e. Erasmus was at Deventer from 1475 to 1484, and when he left, had learnt from Johannes Sinthius (Syntheim) and Alexander Hegius, who had come as headmaster in 1483, the love of letters which was the ruling passion of his life. At some period, perhaps in an i ...

... number of heavens of varying degrees of blessedness is recognized (see F. B. Jevons, An Introduction to the History of Religion, chs. xxi. and xxii., 1902; and J. A. MacCulloch's Comparative Theology, xiv., 1902). (i) Confucius, though unwilling to discuss an ...

... be able to set Watson's print of "St Etienne du Mont " by the side of Meryon's august and mysterious and ever-memorable vision. Paul Helleu (b. 1859) in his brilliant sketches, particularly of women, has used the art of etching in a peculiarly individual and ...

... were the Arnus (Arno), the Apennines and the Tiber. In the division of Italy by Augustus it formed the seventh regio and extended as far north as the river Macra, which separated it from Liguria. History. — The authentic history of Etruria is very meagre, and ...

... a regiment of dragoons. At the capture of Buda in 1686 he received a wound (3rd August), but he continued to serve up to the siege of Belgrade in 1688, in which he was dangerously wounded. At the instigation of Louvois, a decree of banishment from France was n ...