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The employment of the Geez or Ethiopic language for literary >urposes appears to have begun no long lime before the introducion of Christianity into Abyssinia, and its pagan period is epresented by two Axumite inscriptions (published by D. H. Vluller in J. T. ...

LITERATURE. — The Aristotelian philosophy is to be studied, first in Aristotle's works, which are the best commentaries on one another; the best complete edition is the Berlin edition (l 83 1-1870), by Bekker and Brandis, in which also are the fragments collec ...

... ment eschatology at last flow together. It is in the apocryphal and apocalyptic literature of Judaism that the fullest development of eschatology can be traced. Four words may serve to express the difference of the Apocry. doctrine of these writings and the te ...

... H. Breasted, " The Monuments of Sudanese Nubia," in American Journal of Semitic LITERATURE] U*t**P* (October 1908). and the work of E. W. Budge cited above. A description at thr chief ruins ami the results o( Dr D. R. Maclver s mearrhe* in n,)rthi-rn Nul>u, be ...

... cial, economic and commercial organization, forms of government, language, art, literature, morals, superstitions and religious systems. In this sense ethnology is the older term for what now is called sociology. At the present day the progress of research has ...

... glo-Saxon " is commonly applied to that period of English history, language and literature which preceded the Norman Conquest. It goes back to the time of King Alfred, who seems to have frequently used the title rex Anglorum Saxonum or rex Angul-Saxonum. The o ...

... than cereals, have their indwelling spirits; the fauns and satyrs of classical literature were goat-footed and the tree spirit of the Russian peasantry takes the form of a goat; in Bengal and the East Indies wood-cutters endeavour to propitiate the spirit of ...

... f the national spirit was brilliantly illustrated by the achievements in German literature, art and science of such men as Heinrich Heine and Berthold Auerbach (1812-1882), Felix Mendelssohn (-Bartholdy) (1800-1847), and Jacob Meyerbeer (1794-1864), Karl Gusta ...

... . D'Anville's studies embraced everything of geographical nature in the world's literature, as far as he could master it: for this purpose he not only searched ancient and modern historians, travellers and narrators of every description, but also poets, orator ...

... arrer von Kirchfeld, he gave up his appointment and devoted himself entirely to literature. He died at Vienna on the loth of December 1889. Anzengruber was exceedingly fertile hi ideas, and wrote a great many plays. They are mostly of Austrian peasant life, an ...

... ch for the prosecution— KCiTTiyopla. Sometimes defendants' speeches passed into literature, e.g. Plato's splendid version of the Apology of Socrates. Thus, in view of persecution or slander, the Christian church naturally produced literary " Apologies." The wo ...

... the bulk of twenty-six cantos. La Motte, writing at a time when this species of literature was universally admired, attributes its popularity to the fact that it menage et flatte I' amour-propre by inculcating virtue in an amusing manner without seeming to dic ...

... la, irpetr/Seuras), a technical term used in the New Testament and in Christian literature generally for a special envoy of Jesus Christ. How far it had any similar use in Judaism in Christ's day is uncertain; but in the 4th century A.D., at any rate, it denot ...

... t all. It is true that they do not include the whole even of the ecclesiastical literature of the sub-apostolic age, not to mention what remains of Gnostic and other minority types. The Preaching and Apocalypse of Peter, for instance, are quite typical of the ...

... gyptian Heptateuch and contains neither communion nor ordination forms, (e) The Ethiopic Church Order, perhaps twenty years later than (d), and forming part of the Ethiopic Statutes, (f) The Verona Latin Fragments, discovered and published by Hauler, portions ...

... lier in France; while Peter III. (1276-1285) added Sicily to his dominions. The literature relating to Aragon is very extensive. See, in addition to the works cited in the article SPAIN (section History), " Les Archives d'Aragon et de Navarre," by L. Cadier, i ...

... and 1894). Next he concentrated his efforts upon the field of Celtic languages, literature and law, in which he soon became an authority. Appointed in 1882 to the newly founded professorial chair of Celtic at the College de France, he began the Cows de litttra ...

... , Edinburgh. The praise of the fair sex in the first poem is exceptional in the literature of his age; and its geniality may help us to understand the author's popularity with his contemporaries. Arbuthnot must not be confused with his contemporary and namesak ...

... raecorum Fragments (1877); Welcker, Der epische Cyclus; Miiller, History of the Literature of Ancient Greece; Lang, Homer and the Epic (1893) ; Monro, Journal of Hellenic Studies (1883) ; T. W. Allen in Classical Quarterly, April 1908, pp. 82 foil.

... named Ragusyes, Arguzes and Argosies; the last form surviving and passing into literature. The incorrect derivation from Jason's ship, the " Argo," is of modern origin.

... numerous in the county. Argyllshire men have made few contributions to English literature. For long the natives spoke Gaelic only and their bards sang in Gaelic (see CELT: Literature: Scottish). Near Inistrynich on the north-eastern shore of Loch Awe stands t ...

... on to the world is designed for readers, who at all times have demanded popular literature rather than serious philosophy such as that of Aristotle. Accordingly it becomes a difficult question, how far Aristotle's works were published in his lifetime. In answe ...

... ue biolique (1903), pp. 249 sqq.; and on the ark, generally, in addition to the literature already cited, Kautzsch, Hastings' Out. Bible, v. p. 628; A. R. S. Kennedy, Century Bible: Samuel (Appendix); E. Meyer, Die Israeliten, Index s.v. " Lade,"; and R. H. Ke ...

... ere the great battle between Arminius and Varus was fought. There is an immense literature on this subject, and the following may be consulted : — T. Mommsen, Die Ortlichkeit der VarusscUacht (1885); E. Meyer, Untersuchungen uber die Schlacht im Teutoburger Wa ...

... versity, and soon afterwards settled in London, where he paid more attention to literature than to medicine. He was, in 1746, appointed one of the physicians to the military hospital behind Buckingham House; and, in 1760, physician to the army in Germany, an a ...

... im (Leipzig, 1885); Moritz Carriere, Bettina von Arnim (Breslau, 1887), and the literature cited under Ludwig von Arnim. ARNIM, HARRY KARL KURT EDUARD VON, COUNT (18241881), German diplomatist, was a member of one of the most numerous and most widely spread fa ...

... (1875). TRANSLATIONS. — A. H. Bryce and H. Campbell in Ante-Nicene Fathers, vi. LITERATURE. — H. C. G. Motile in Diet. Chr. Biog. i.; HerzogHauck, Realencyklopadie; and G. Kruger, Early Chr. Lit. p. 304 (where full bibliographies are given). ARNOBIUS (" the yo ...

... man family, who achieved a high reputation for his knowledge of Greek and Roman literature. He was appointed by Theodosius the Great, tutor of the young princes Arcadius and Honorius, but at the age of forty he retired to Egypt, where for forty years he lived ...

... f this saphenous artery, however, remains in Man as the anastomotica magna. The literature of the Comparative Anatomy of the Arteries up to 1902 will be found in R. VViedersheim's Vergteifhende Analomie der WirbtUiere (Jena> 1902). The morphology of the Iliac ...

... ully supported their leader's strange polemic with the agnostic and rationalist literature of Europe. By 1800 their numbers had increased to 40,000, by 1900 to over 92,000. Divisions had, however, set in, especially a cleavage into the Ghasi or vegetarian, and ...

... d, according to Bartholomae (Altiranisches Worterbuch, s.v.), from the earliest literature, the Gathas, there is nothing definite to be learnt regarding Airyaman. Whatever the origin of arya-, however, it is clear that it is a word with dignified associations, ...

... over Europe as a most valuable contribution to comparative mythology as well as literature. A second volume was published in 1844, and a new collection in 1871. Many of the Folkeeventyr were translated into English by Sir George Dasent in 1859. In 1845 Asbjorn ...

... eeks such an instrument as the bag-pipe should exist without finding a place in literature. It is significant that it is not mentioned by Pollux (Onomast. iv. 74) and Athenaeus (Deipnos. iv. 76) in their lists of the various kinds of pipes. See articles AULOS ...

... nd Mars — to name them in the order in which they appear in the older cuneiform literature; in later texts Mercury and Saturn change places. These five planets were identified with the great gods of the pantheon as follows: — Jupiter with Marduk (q.v.), Venus ...

... all of the planes in close coincidence with the plane of the planet's equator. Literature. — The modern methods of celestial mechanics may be considered to begin with Joseph Louis Lagranee, whose theory of the variation of elements is developed in his Mfcaniq ...

... omanorum Reliquiae; see also Munk, De Fabidis Atellanis (1840) ; and art. LATIN LITERATURE.

... of Great Britain were an athletic race, and the earliest monuments of Teutonic literature abound in records of athletic prowess. After the Norman conquest of England the nobles devoted themselves to the chase and to the joust, while the people had their games ...

... estranged from Jewish orthodoxy by the study of Spinoza, he devoted himself to literature. He made a fortunate beginning in a romance on the life of Spinoza (1837), so interesting in itself, and so close in its adherence to fact, that it may be read with equa ...

much influence on the later literature of Europe, were Englished in the nth century with considerable skill. To the same period belongs the curious tract on The Wonders of the East. In these works, and some minor productions of the time, we see that the minds ...

... egard to the courtship which deserves to be noticed as it frequently appears in literature. Einhard is said to have visited the emperor's daughter regularly and secretly, and on one occasion a fall of snow made it impossible for him to walk away without leavin ...