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LANGUAGE, vol. xiv. p. 895.) See E. Repetti, Dizionario geografico fisico storico della Toscana (6 yols., Florence, 1834-1846). See also G. Dennis, Cities and Cemeteries of Etruria (2 vols., London, 1883). On medieval and Renaissance architecture and art there ...

ANGULATE (Lat. antulus, an angle), shaped with comers or angles; an adjective used in botany and zoology for the shape of stems, leaves and wings.

... The term " Anglo-Saxon " is commonly applied to that period of English history, language and literature which preceded the Norman Conquest. It goes back to the time of King Alfred, who seems to have frequently used the title rex Anglorum Saxonum or rex Angul-S ...

... Ihe soul and Ihe breath; this identification is found both in Aryan and Semitic languages; in Latin we have spiritus, in Greek pncuma, in Hebrew ranch; and Ihe idea is found exlending downwards to the lowest planes of culture in Australia. America and Asia. Fo ...

ANKLE, or ANCLE (a word common, in various forms, to Teutonic languages, probably connected in origin with the Lat. angulus, or Gr. &.yicv\os, bent), the joint which connects the foot with the leg (see JOINTS).

... ional, and the nation should be a unit comprising individuals speaking the same language and of the same racial origin. Heterogeneous elements might be absorbed, but if they could not be reduced to the national type they should be eliminated. This was the pseu ...

... a. He was a man of great talents and spoke and wrote many Oriental and European languages. Though a foreigner, he soon acquired a thorough knowledge of Rumanian, and was instrumental in helping to introduce that language into the church as its official languag ...

... etical work (as to which see PAPPUS) on a system of expressing large numbers in language closer to that of common life than that of Archimedes' Sand-reckoner, and showing how to multiply such large numbers; (7) a great extension of the theory of irrationals ex ...

... tten. The admission is now general that the Bible cannot be expected to use the language of scientific astronomy. Still, it is not certain that the shock of Copernicanism on supernatural Christianity is exhausted, (b) Geology has also won its battles, and few ...

... e, with its introduction of animals and plants, to which it lends our ideas and language and emotions, is necessarily devoid of real truth, and even of all probability. The parable reaches heights to which the apologue cannot aspire, for the points in which br ...

... t witness, as just cited; also in i Cor. xv. 5 tT., where he seems to quote the language of Palestinian tradition, in saying that Christ " appeared to Cephas; then to the Twelve; then ... to James; then to the apostles one and all (rott d*xxrr6Xatt riaiv) ; an ...

... lycarp; perhaps also in " Barnabas." In Hermas there is special affinity to the language and thought of the epistle of James, and in the homilist to those of Paul. Yet their very use of the same terms or ideas makes us the more aware of " a marked contrast to ...

... become more precise and statutory in form. Throughout he adopts and adapts the language of his sources as far as possible, " only pruning in the most pressing cases," but towards the end he cannot avoid making larger alterations from time to time. And his alt ...

... logian save Augustine has had an equal influence on the theological thought and language of the Western Church, a fact which was strongly emphasized by Leo XIII. (q.v.) in his Encyclical of August 4, 1879, which directed the clergy to take the teachings of Aqu ...

... entitled a Comparative Lexicon of the English, Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Celtic Languages. He was undoubtedly an original philologist, who realized, "what was then not yet admitted by scholars, the affinity of the Celtic language to the other languages of Euro ...

ARAMAIC LANGUAGES, a class of languages so called from Aram, a geographical term, which in old Semitic usage designates nearly the same districts as the Greek word Syria. Aram, however, does not include Palestine, while it comprehends Mesopotamia (Heb. Aram of ...

... referred to choose as ministers, and he permitted himself an amazing freedom of language with his sovereign. At last Charles III. sent him as ambassador to Paris in a disguised disgrace. Aranda held this position till 1787, but in Paris he was chiefly known fo ...

... vols. 1889 and 1894). Next he concentrated his efforts upon the field of Celtic languages, literature and law, in which he soon became an authority. Appointed in 1882 to the newly founded professorial chair of Celtic at the College de France, he began the Cows ...

... rhetoric and poetry; to admit by the side of philosophy the arts of persuasive language; to think it part of their legitimate work to rouse the passions; and in all these ways to depart from the ascetic rigidity of the philosophy of Plato, so as to prepare fo ...

ARK (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Arche, adapted from the Lat. area, chest, cf. arcere, to shut up, enclose), a chest, basket or box. The Hebrew word tebah, translated in the A.V. by " ark," is used in the Old Testament (i) of the box made of ...

... pelled him to return to Germany and, under the disguise of " Almann, teacher of languages," he reached Berlin in December 1809. In 1810 he returned to Greifswald, but only for a few months. He again set out on his adventurous travels, lived in close contact wi ...

... h year was also performed his setting of Mclastasio's OlimpijJr in the original language at the King's theatre in the Huymarkct. At a later performance of Judith at Covent Garden theatre on the 26th of February 1773 Amc for the first time introduced female voi ...

... was the first extant writer to apply the name Deutsch (theodisca) to the German language. ARNO (anc. Arnus}. a river of Italy which rises from the Monte Falterona, about 25 m. E.N.E. of Florence, 4265 ft. above the sea. It first runs S.S.E. through a beautiful ...

... excludes all actions of instinct from the genus Art, whereas usage has in more languages than one given the name of Art to several of those ingenuities in the lower animals which popular theory at the same time declares to be instinctive. Dante, for instance, ...

... me a* a compound of Xerxes, showing thereby that he knew nothing of the Persian language; the Liter Persian form is Ardaskir, which occurs in the form Artaxias (Artaxes) as the name of some kings of Armenia. It was borne by three kings of the Achaemenian dynas ...

... in the temple of the goddess, at which the song of the brotherhood was sung, in language so antiquated that it was hardly intelligible (see the text and translation in Mommsen, Hist, of Rome, bk. i. ch. xv.) even to Romans of the time of Augustus, who regarded ...

... ler especially it was employed as a convenient short term for the whole body of languages more commonly known as IndoEuropean (q.v.) or Indo-Germanic. In the same way Max Miiller used Aryas as a general term for the speakers of such languages, as in his book p ...

ASPENDUS (mod. Balkls Kale , or, more anciently in the native language, ESTVEDYS (whence the adjective Estvedijys on coins), an ancient city of Pamphylia, very strongly situated on an isolated hill on the right bank of the Eurymedon at the point where the rive ...

... of combination the entire realm of the natural sciences was translated into the language of astrology with the single avowed purpose of seeing in all phenomena signs indicative — ef what the future had in store. The fate of the individual, as that feature of t ...

... These formulae are worthy of special attention. They are the ;xpression in the language of mathematics of Newton's first two aws of motion. Their statement in this language may be regarded as perfect, because it completely and unambiguously expresses the nake ...

... independence. It seems highly improbable that they were performed in the Oscan language. Mommsen, however, rejects their Oscan origin altogether; he regards them as purely Latin, the scene merely being laid at Atella to avoid causing offence by placing it at ...

... i Scienze Storuhe (Rome, 1004), v. 279 seq. Inscriptions show that the national language asserted its existence even after Ateste came into the hands of the Romans. When this occurred is not known ; boundary stones of 135 B.C. exist, which divide the territory ...

... sle of Seven Cities, and St Brendan's island, the subject of many sagas in many languages. These, which are described in separate articles, helped to maintain the tradition of an earthly paradise which had become associated with the myth of Atlantis; and all e ...

... a, but as it is divided into a number of peoples, differing from one another in language, religion, culture, custom* and historical traditions, it doe* not possess a national units H.-i.lcv thcv \.mous nationalities are geographically separated irom one anothe ...

... business but also for writing literary and even religious texts in the popular language. By the time of the XXVth Dynasty the cursive of the conservative Thebais had become very obscure. A better form from Lower Egypt drove this out completely in the time of ...

... The effects of this change are visible in the rapid alteration of the literary language. The artificial tradition of grammatical correctness lost its hold; the archaic literary vocabulary fell into disuse; and those who wrote English at all wrote as they spok ...

... >, n>, " the," fy-f, "his," P'y-s " her," &c.) of Middle Egyptian and the later language.

... tus, but, although these variations were largely used in the English and French languages, the form Einhardus, or Einhartus, is unquestionably the right one. According to the statement of Walafrid Strabo, Einhard was born in the district which is watered by th ...

... ardism and music and the general literature of the Welsh, to maintain the Welsh language and customs of the country, and to foster and cultivate a patriotic spirit amongst the people. This institution, so peculiar to Wales, is of very ancient origin.1 The term ...

... shment of the Persian empire remained one of the three scats of government, its language, the Neo-Susian, ranking with the Persian of Persepolis and the Semitic of Babylon as an official tongue. In the reign of Darius, however, the Susianians attempted to revo ...