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Before proceeding with " modern architecture," to which the styles now discussed have gradually led us, we have still another important architectural style to describe, in Mahommedan architecture. The term " Mahommedan " has been selected in preference to " Sa ...

The term " Byzantine " is applied to the style of architecture which was developed in Byzantium after Constantine had transferred the capital of the Roman empire to that city in A.D. 324. It is not possible, in the early ages of any style which is based on pre ...

... alf of the i6th century. Passing into the second half and dealing with domestic architecture, we find the history of the introduction of classic work into England more complicated than in other countries, because in addition to the Italian, we have French, Fle ...

... the bronze gate* of the baptistery at Florence. determined to devote himx-lf to architecture. possibly in the hope that he might some, day be able to tolve the great problem of erecting over the crowing of Arnolfo di Lapo's great cathedral the dome projected b ...

In Spain, as in France, the revival of classic architecture was engrafted on the Flamboyant style of the country, influenced here and there by Moorish work, so that the earlier examples of Spanish Renaissance constitute a transitional style which lasted till t ...

... the viceroy if he would have professed himself, as a few of his friends did, a Mahommedan. On his return to France, a sadder and practically a wiser man, he settled down to very prosaic work. He became first a postmaster near Lyons, and in 1841 was appointed, ...

The classical revival does not seem to have taken root in Germany much before the middle of the i6th century, some forty to fifty years later than in France, from which country it is said to have been introduced, and in some of the early work there is a great

... ften dark and narrow, and, apart from the cathedral and the hotol de ville, the architecture is of little interest. The cathedral of St Pierre (see CATHEDRAL), a church in the Byzantine- Romanesque style, dates from the nth and 1 2th centuries, but has undergo ...

... veral, private as well as public, that are of a quaint and picturesque style of architecture. The church of St Mary (i2th century) has a modern tower, 335 ft. high. The industries consist of iron-foundries and factories for sugar and soap; and there is a milit ...

... edral, there are about fifty churches in the city and its suburbs, as well as a Mahommedan mosque. (J. Si.*)

... of the calices are formed by the walls of adjacent coenenchymal tubes. Thus the architecture of the Helioporid colony differs entirely from such forms as Tubipora or Favosites, in which each corallite has its own distinct and proper wall. The cavities both of ...

... f classical, especially Aristotelian, texts. The Jews, less bitterly opposed to Mahommedanism than the Christians were, caught fire more rapidly, and in some cases served as an intermediate link or channel of communication. These two religions anticipated the ...

APOPHYGE (Gr. aro^tryi}, a flying off), in architecture, the lowest part of the shaft of an Ionic or Corinthian column, or the highest member of its base if the column be considered as a w hole. The apophyge is the inverted cavetto or concave sweep, on the upp ...

... is in his lifetime regarded as the incarnation of a god (cf. Ali among Shi'ite Mahommedans; the Bab in Babism; the Druse Hakim). Most Christians on this ground repudiate the application of the term to the worship of Jesus Christ. Curiously, Apotheosis is used ...

... by the Byzantine Greek artists for their Arabian masters in the early times of Mahommedan conquest, every natural object was proscribed; the artists were, therefore, reduced to making symmetrical designs from forms which should have no positive meaning; yet t ...

... ay of three months; Arago, therefore, set out for it by land under conduct of a Mahommedan priest, and reached it on Christmas day. After six months' stay in Algiers he once again, on the 2ist of June 1809, set sail for Marseilles, where he had to undergo a mo ...

ARCADE, in architecture, a range of arches, supported either by columns or piers; isolated in the case of those separating the nave of a church from the aisles, or forming the front of a covered ambulatory, as in the cloisters in Italy and Sicily, round the Du ...

... by Detroit Publiskimg Co. FIG. 134.— THE UNIVERSITY CLUB, NEW YORK. PLATE XVI. ARCHITECTURE [MODERN the importance of the office (confined as it was to the highest class) must have been immense;. there was no audit, no written law, no executive count tl. The ...

... orth, may have served as a gymnasium or a sanatorium. It is of good early Greek architecture, earlier than the second temple. A curious, ruder building to the north of this and to the west of the second terrace is probably of much earlier date, perhaps of the ...

... r at hand are the ruins of Cranii, which afford fine examples of Greek military architecture; and at the west side of the harbour there is a curious stream, flowing from the sea, and employed to drive mills before losing itself in caverns inland. See Sir C. Fe ...

... ught to weaken the position of the armatoles. Their privileges were restricted, Mahommedan Albanians were introduced into the armatoliks, and towards the end of the iSth century their numbers were seriously reduced. Irritated by this policy the armatoles rende ...

... for defence. In zoology the word is used of the bony shell of the armadillo. In architecture it is applied to the iron stays by which the lead lights are secured in windows. (See STANCHION and SADDLE: Saddle-Bars.) In magnetism Dr William Gilbert applied the t ...

... rable object. The builder s art assumes that it is desirable to have buildings; architecture (as one of the fine arts) that it is desirable to have them beautiful and imposing. The hygienic and medical arts assume, the one that the preservation of health, the ...

... vellers. A few villages are nominally Christian, and the Malays have introduced Mahommedanism, but most of the natives have no religion. Dobbo, on a small western island, is the chief place; its resident population is reinforced annually, at the time of the we ...

... en bigoted Wahhabis, though previously regarded by their neighbours as very lax Mahommedans; during Mehemet Ali's occupation of Nejd their constant raids on the Egyptian communications compelled him to send several punitive expeditions into the district, which ...

... over 500; the rest of the inhabitants are chiefly Abyssinians. There is a small Mahommedan colony. The town is strongly fortified. The European quarter contains several fine public buildings, including the residence of the governor, club house, barracks and ho ...

... Naples museum is well known. The plural form ATLANTES is the classical term in architecture for the male sculptured figures supporting a superstructure as in the baths at Pompeii, and in the temple at Agrigentum in Sicily. In 18th-century architecture half-fi ...

... mewhat heavy flanking towers dates from the i7th century, and is Greco-Roman in architecture. Sainte-Marie contains many artistic treasures, the chief of which are the magnificent stained-glass windows of the Renaissance which light the apsidal chapels, and th ...

... all the towns in which they were situated by the inhabitants at the time of the Mahommedan invasion, or, according to Mr H. C. Butler, to the deforesting of the whole country about the commencement of the 7th century. The monuments and buildings illustrated ma ...

... ouses, notable among them the " Northeimhaus," a beautiful specimen of medieval architecture. There are several churches, among them the Alexanderkirche, containing the tombs of the princes of Grubenhagen, and a synagogue. The schools include a Realgymnasium ( ...

... t remained under Hindu administration tiU 1318, when it came directly under the Mahommedans. It was afterwards capital of the province of Berar at intervals until the Mogul occupation, when the seat of the provincial governor was moved to Balapur. The town ret ...

... ich are believed to be remains of the Buddhist kingdom of Vengi. From these the Mahommedans, after their conquest of the district in 1470, obtained material for building a fort at Ellore.

... nenberg, by the pilgrimage church of Our Lady of Loreto, in the Jesuit style of architecture. The town possesses one Evangelical and five Roman Catholic churches, among the latter the Stiftskirche, the old abbey church, a Romanesque building dating from 1124, ...

... ess strictly defined groups and subdivisions came into existence, such as naval architecture dealing with the design of ships, marine engineering with the engines for propelling steamers, sanitary engineering with water-supply and disposal of sewage and other ...

... uizen, like its neighbour Hoorn, exhibits many interesting examples of domestic architecture dating from the i6th and i ;th centuries, when it was an important and flourishing city. The facades of the houses are usually built in courses of brick and stone, and ...

... es haered.es is now abandoned), in law, a h'mited form of succession (q.v.). In architecture, the term " entail " denotes an ornamental device sunk in the ground of stone or brass, and subsequently filled in with marble, mosaic or enamel.

ENTASIS (from Gr. kvreiveiv, to stretch a line or bend a bow), in architecture, the increment given to the column (q.v.), to correct the optical illusion which produces an apparent hollowness in an extended straight line. It was referred to by Vitruvius (iii. ...

EPHEBEUM (from Gr. ifafios, a young man), in architecture, a large hall in the ancient Palaestra furnished with scats (Vitruvius v. u), the length of which should be a third larger than the width. It served for the exercises of youths of from sixteen to eighte ...

... Ruskin the " epitome of Venice," as it embraces examples of all the periods of architecture from the loth to the igth centuries.

... y in its later developments was powerfully influenced by the Persian faith. (7) Mahommedanism reproduces and exaggerates the lower features of popular Jewish and Christian eschatology (see the separate articles on these religions). In the Old Testament we can ...