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THEODORE I. (1557-1598), tsar of Russia, the son of Ivan the Terrible and Anastasia Romanova, nominally succeeded his father in 1584, but being of weak intellect was governed throughout his reign by the boyar, Boris Godunov, whose sister Irene he married in 15 ...

THEODORE II. (1580-1605), tsar of Russia, was the son of Tsar Boris Godunov and one of the daughters of MalyutaSkuratov, the infamous favourite of Ivan the Terrible. Passionately beloved by his father, he received the best available education for those days, a ...

THEODORE, the name of two popes. Theodore L, pope from November 642 till May 649, succeeded John IV. He was the son of a bishop, and was born in Jerusalem. A zealous opponent of monothelitism, in the course of the protracted controversy he in a Roman synod exc ...

THEODORE LASCARIS (d. 1222), emperor of Nicaea, was born of a noble Byzantine family. He became the son-in-law of the Emperor Alexius III. and distinguished himself during the sieges of Constantinople by the Latins (1203-4). After the capture of the city he ga ...

THEODOSIUS I., " the Great," son of Theodosius, Valentinian's great general, who in 368-69 drove back the Picts and Scots from the Roman territories in Britain and suppressed the revolt of Firmus in Mauretania (372). Shortly after (376), the elder Theodosius w ...

THEODORET, bishop of Cyrrhus, an important writer in the domains of exegesis, dogmatic theology, church history and ascetic theology, was born in Antioch, Syria, about 386. At an early age he entered the cloister; and in 423 he became bishop of Cyrrhus, a smal ...

THEODORUS, FLAVIUS MALLIUS," Roman consul A.D. 399, author of an extant treatise on metres, one of the best of its kind (H. Keil, Grammatici Latini, vi.). He also studied philosophy, astronomy and geometry, and wrote works on those subjects, which, together wi ...

THEODOSIA, formerly KAFFA, a seaport and watering-place of South Russia, on the east coast of the Crimea, 66 m. E.N.E. of Simferopol and 72 m. by a branch line from the SebastopolEkaterinoslav railway. It has an excellent modern harbour, and its roadstead, whi ...

THEODORE OF MOPSUESTIA (c. 350-428), early Christian theologian, the most eminent representative of the so-called school of Antioch, was born at Antioch about the middle of the 4th century and was a friend of John Chrysostom; in rhetoric the celebrated Libaniu ...

ANHALT-DESSAU, LEOPOLD I., PRINCE OF (1676-1747), called the "Old Dessauer" (Alter Dessauer), general field marshal in the Prussian army, was the only surviving son of John George II. , prince of Anhalt-Dessau, and was born on the 3rd of July 1676 at Dessau. F ...

ANTHEM I US, Greek mathematician and architect, who produced, under the patronage of Justinian (A.O. 532), the original and daring plans for the church of St Sophia in Constantinople, which strikingly displayed at once his knowledge and his ignorance. He was o ...

FlG. TL—Carypui litorclii, one of the Pseudoscorpiones. Lateral view. I to VI, Basal segments of the a, 3, 10, The second, third and six prosomatic appendages. tenth somites of the opistho», Eye*. soma. prat- ten. Tergite of the prae- n, The minute eleventh so ...

SULEIMAN I.1 the "Magnificent" (1494-1566), sultan of Turkey, succeeded his father Selim I. in 1520. His birth coincided with the opening year of the loth century of Mussulman chronology (A.H. 900), the most glorious period in the history of Islam. Eventful as ...

SWEYN I., KING or DENMARK ( -1014), son of Harold Bluetooth, the christianizer of Denmark, by his peasant mistress Aesa, according to the Jomsvikinga Saga, though more probably his mother was Queen Gunild, Harold's consort. The lad was a born champion and bucc ...

TIGLATH-PILESER I., the son of Assur-ris-isi, ascended the throne c. 1120 B.C., and was one of the greatest of Assyrian conquerors. His first campaign was against the Moschi who had occupied certain Assyrian districts on the Upper Euphrates; then he overran Co ...

TURBET I HAIDARI, a district of the province of Khorasan in Persia, bounded N. by Meshed, E. by Bakharz, S. by Khaf and W. by Turshiz. It has a population of about 30,000, composed chiefly of members of the Turki Karai tribe and Beluchis. The Karais were settl ...

ARMINIUS, the Latinized form of the name of HERMANN, or more probably ARMIN (17 B.C.-A.D. 21), the German national hero. He was a son of a certain Segimer, a prince of the tribe of the Cherusci, and in early life served with distinction as an officer in the Ro ...

ARMOIRE, the French name (cf. ALMERY) given to a tall movable cupboard, or " wardrobe," with one or more doors. It has varied considerably in shape and size, and the decoration of its doors and sides has faithfully represented mutations of fashion and modifica ...

ARNAL, &TIENNB (1794-1872), French actor, was born at Meulan, Seine-et-Oise, on the ist of February 1704. After serving in the army, and working in a button factory, he took to the stage. His first appearance (1815) was in tragedy, and for some time he was uns ...

ARSENIUS (c. 354-450), an anchorite, said to have been born of a noble Roman family, who achieved a high reputation for his knowledge of Greek and Roman literature. He was appointed by Theodosius the Great, tutor of the young princes Arcadius and Honorius, but ...

ARSENIUS AUTORIANUS (i3th century), patriarch of Constantinople, lived about the middle of the i3th century. He received his education in Nicaea at a monastery of which he later became the abbot, though not in orders. Subsequently he gave himself up to a life ...

ASTROLOGY, the ancient art or science of divining the fate and future of human beings from indications given by the positions of the stars (sun, moon and planets). The belief in a connexion between the heavenly bodies and the life of man has played an importan ...

ATHLETIC SPORTS. Various sports were cultivated many hundred years before the Christian era by the Egyptians and several Asiatic races, from whom the early Greeks undoubtedly adopted the elements of their athletic exercises (see ATHLETE), which reached their h ...

AUDAEUS, or AUDICS, a church reformer of the 4th century, by birth a Mesopotamian. He suffered much persecution from the Syrian clergy for his fearless censure of their irregular lives, and was expelled from the church, thereupon establishing an episcopal mona ...

EMERSON, RALPH WALDO (1803-1882), American poet and essayist, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on the 25th of May 1 803. Seven of his ancestors were ministers of New England churches. Among them were some of those men of mark who made the backbone of the Ame ...

ERASTUS, THOMAS (1524-1583), German-Swiss theologian, whose surname was LUber, Lieber, or Liebler, was born of poor parents on the 7th of September 1524, probably at Baden, canton of Aargau, Switzerland. In 1540 he was studying theology at Basel. The plague of ...

ETHIOPIA, or AETHIOPIA (Gr. AWunria), the ancient classical name of a district of north-eastern Africa, bounded on the N. by Egypt and on the E. by the Red Sea.1 The application of the name has varied considerably at different times. In the Homeric poems the A ...

ETHNOLOGY and ETHNOGRAPHY (from the Gr. Wvos, race, and XOTOJ, science, or ypa.ijxu', to write), sciences which in their narrowest sense deal respectively with man as a racial unit (mankind), i.e. his development through the family and tribal stages into natio ...

EUCHARIST (Gr. evxapurria, thanksgiving), in the Christian Church, one of the ancient names of the sacrament of the Lord's Supper or Holy Communion. The term evxapurria was at first applied to the act of thanksgiving associated with the sacrament ; later, so e ...

EUDOXIA LOPUKHINA (1669-1731), tsaritsa, first consort of Peter the Great, was the daughter of the boyarin Theodore Lopukhin. Peter, then a youth of seventeen, married her on the 27th of January 1689 at the command of his mother, who hoped to wean him from the ...

EUSEBIUS (Gr. Eiw«/3io$, from twre/Sijs, pious, cf. the Latin name Pius), a name borne by a large number of bishops and others in the early ages of the Christian Church. Of these the most important are separately noticed below. No less than 25 saints of this n ...

IRENE LASCARIS, daughter of Theodore I. (Lascaris), was first married to the general Andronicus Palaeologus, and after his death became the wife of Theodore's successor, John Vatatzes (q.v.) , and mother of Theodore II. She is much praised by historians for he ...

THEOLOGY, literally the science which deals with God or the gods. The word is Greek (Geos, God; Xo-yos, theory). But doctrine counted for less in Greek or Roman religion than in Christianity, and forms of worship for more. In the oldest usage #60X6701 were tho ...

TRIOLET, one of the fixed forms of verse invented in medieval France, and preserved in the practice of many modern literatures. It consists of eight short lines on two rhymes, arranged abaaabab, and in French usually begins on the masculine rhyme. The first li ...

UNITED STATES, THE, the short title usually given to the great federal republic which had its origin in the revolt of the British colonies in North America, when, in the Declaration of Independence, they described themselves as " The Thirteen United States of ...

VENICE (Venezia), a city and seaport of Italy, occupying one of the most remarkable sites in the world. At the head of the Adriatic, between the mountains and the sea, lies that part of the Lombard plain known as the Veneto. The whole of this plain has been fo ...