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... sogloea represented by a thick line. Thirty-two septa are present, six in the entocoeles of the primary cycle of mesenteries, I ; six in the entocoeles of the secondary cycle of mesenteries, II; four in the entocoeles of the tertiary cycle of mesenteries, III, ...

TOKAJ (or TOKAY), a town of Hungary, in the county of emplen, 148 m. E.N.E. of Budapest by rail. Pop. (1900), 5104. it is situated at the confluence of the Bodrog with the Theiss, and gives its name to the famous Tokay wine. Toltaj lies at the 'oot of the Hegy ...

TOKAT (Armenian Evtoghia, anc. Dazimon) the chief town of a sanjak of the same name in the Sivas vilayet of Asia Minor. It is situated in the Sivas-Samsun chauste, altitude 2280 ft., at the mouth of a rocky glen which opens out to the broad valley of the Tozan ...

TOKELAU (or UNION ISLANDS), a group of three atolls in the Pacific Ocean, about 350 m. N.E. of Samoa, belonging to Britain. Atafu consists of 63 islets, Nukunau of 93 and Fakaafo of 62. They produce little but copra. The natives are all Christians, and in type ...

TOKEN MONEY, the term employed originally to describe the counters or " tokens " issued by traders to meet the lack of small change. It has now been appropriated by economists and officials to denote the smaller currency that circulates at a nominal value high ...

TOKUGAWA, the name of a Japanese family which provided the ruling dynasty of shSguns from 1603 until the revolution which restored the power of the mikado in 1867. The founder of this dynasty was lyeyasu Tokugawa (1542-1616), a great general and consummate pol ...

TOLENTINO (anc. Tolentinum Picenum), a town of the Marches, Italy, in the province of Macerata, n m. by rail W. by S. of that town. Pop. (1901), 5111 (town), 13,197 (commune). It is situated on the Chienti, 735 ft. above sea-level, and was once a fortified tow ...

TOLERATION (from Lat. tolerare, to endure), the allowance of freedom of action or judgment to other people, the patient and unprejudiced endurance of dissent from one's own or the generally received course or view.

TOLFA, a town of the province of Rome, Italy, to m. E.N.E. of Civitavecchia by road, 1558 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1901), 3956. It is the chief place in the Tolfa Mountains, an extinct volcanic group between Civitavecchia and the Lake of Bracciano. Vapours a ...

TOLLEMACHE (or TALMASH), THOMAS (c. 1631-1694), British soldier, was the second son of Sir Lionel Tollemache, Bart. (d. 1668), of Helmingham, Suffolk, although an idle report of the time made his mother, Elizabeth Murray (d. 1698), afterwards countess of Dysar ...

TOLSTOY, LEO (1828-1910), Russian novelist and social reformer, was born on the 9th of September (August 28) 1828, in the home of his fathers — Yasnaya Polyana, near Toula — a large country house (not the present one) built in a severely formal style, with Dor ...

TOLUCA, or TOLOCCAN, a city of Mexico and capital of the state of Mexico, on the S.W. border of the Anahuac plateau, at the foot of the Cerro San Miguel de Tutucuitlalpillo, about 8650 ft. above sea-level. Pop. (1900), 25,940. Toluca is on the Mexican National ...

TOM-TOM, or TAM-TAM, a native Indian and Asiatic word, reduplicated and onomatopoeic .in form, for a drum, hence often loosely applied to the various types of primitive drum used for purposes of religious excitement, war, signalling, &c., by savage tribes thro ...

TOMATO, Lycopersicum esculentum (Nat. Ord. Solanaceae), a tender annual, native of South America, probably Peru. The fruit is much esteemed in salads and as a vegetable. Efforts have been made to popularize it for dessert, with varying success. Plants intended ...

TOMB (Gr. TVH&O., Tii/n/3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell), a general term for a place of burial for the dead, including the excavation or cavity in which the body is lajd and the superstructure which marks the place. ...

TOMPA. MIHALY [MICHAEL] (1817-1868), Hungarian lyric poet, was born in 1817 at Rima-Szombat,in the county of Gomor, his father being village bootmaker. He studied law and theology in Saros-Patak, and subsequently at Budapest; and, after many vicissitudes, at t ...

TOMPKINS, DANIEL D. (1774-1825), American politician, was born at Scarsdale, Westchester county, New York, on the 2ist of June 1774. He graduated at Columbia College in 1795, and was admitted to the bar in 1797. In 1801 he was elected to the state constitution ...

TOOTHWORT, the popular name for a small British plant of curious form and growth, known botanically as Lathraea squamaria. It grows parasitically on roots, chiefly of hazel, in shady places such as hedge sides. It consists of a branched whitish underground ste ...

TOOWOOMBA, a town of Aubigny county, Queensland, Australia, 76 m. by rail W. by N. of Ipswich, and 101 m. from Brisbane. It is situated on the summit of the Great Dividing Range, and is the centre of the rich pastoral and agricultural district of Darling Downs ...

TOPETE, JUAN BAUPTISTA (1821-1885), Spanish naval commander and politician, was born in Mexico on the 24th of May 1821. His father and grandfather were also Spanish admirals. He entered the navy at the age of seventeen, cut out a Carlist vessel in 1839, became ...

TOPFFER, RODOLPHE (1799-1846), the inventor of pedestrian journeys in Switzerland by schoolboys, was born at Geneva on the 3ist of January 1799. His grandfather, a tailor, came about 1 760 from Schweinfurt (Bavaria) to settle in Geneva, while his father, Adam, ...

TOPHET, or TOPHETH ( nynn), the name given in 2 Kings xxiii. 10; Jer. vii. 31, to a spot in the valley of Ben Hinnom near Jerusalem where the Hebrews in the time of Ahab and Manasseh offered children to Molech and other heathen gods. Josiah " denied" it as par ...

TOPIARY, a term in gardening or horticulture for the cutting and trimming of shrubs, such as cypress, box or yew, into regular and ornamental shapes. It is usually applied to the cutting of trees into urns, vases, birds and other fantastic shapes, which were c ...

TOPLADY, AUGUSTUS MONTAGUE (1740-1778), Anglican divine, was born at Farnham, Surrey, and educated at Westminster and Trinity College, Dublin. Although originally a follower of Wesley, he in 17 58 adopted extreme Calvinist opinions. He was ordr.ined in 1762 an ...

TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. TOTOJ, place, yp^fiv, to write), a description of a town, district or locality, giving details of its geographical and architectural features. The term is also applied in anatomy to the mapping out of the surface of the human body, either accor ...

TORCELLO, an island of Venetia, Italy, in the lagoons about 6 m. to the N.W. of Venice, belonging to the commune of Burano. It was a flourishing city in the early middle ages, but now has only a few houses and two interesting churches. The former cathedral of ...

TORCH (O. Fr. torche, from Med. Lat. lorlia, derived from tortus, twisted, torquere, to twist), a light or illuminant that can be carried in the hand, made of twisted tow, hemp or other inflammable substance. Torches or " links " were, till the general introdu ...

TORCHERE, a candelabrum mounted upon a tall stand of wood or metal, usually with two or three lights. When it was first introduced in France towards the end of the I7th century the torchere mounted one candle only, and when the number was doubled or tripled th ...

TORELL, OTTO MARTIN (1828-1900), Swedish geologist, was born in Varberg on the sth of June 1828. He was educated at Lund for the medical profession, but became interested in zoological and geological studies, and being of independent means he devoted himself t ...

TORGAU, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Saxony, situated on the left bank of the Elbe, 30 m. N.E. of Leipzig and 26 m. S.E. of Wittenberg by rail. Pop. (1905), 12,299. Its most conspicuous building is the Schloss Hartenfels, on an island in the ...

TORNADO (Span., tornado, a turning about, cf. " turn "), a local whirlwind of extreme violence, usually formed within a thunderstorm. In appearance it consists of a funnel-shaped cloud, depending from the mass of storm-cloud above, and when fully developed tap ...

TORO, a town of Spain, in the province of Zamora, on the right bank of the river Duero (Douro), and on the ZamoraMedina del Campo railway. Pop. (1900), 8379. Toro is an ancient fortified town, with picturesque narrow streets, among which are many medieval chur ...

TORQUE, or TORC (Lat. torquis, torques, a twisted collar, torquere, to twist), the term given by archaeologists to the twisted collars or armlets of gold or other metal worn particularly by the ancient Gauls and other allied Celtic races. The typical torque is ...

TORRE DEL GRECO, a seaport of Campania, Italy, in the province of Naples, 7! m. S.E. of that city by rail. Pop. (1901), 35,328. It lies at the south-west foot of Vesuvius, on the shore of the Bay of Naples. It is built chiefly of lava, and stands on the lava s ...

TORRENS, ROBERT (1780-1864), English soldier and economist, was born in Ireland in 1780. He entered the Marines in 1797, became a captain in 1806, and major in 1811 for bravery in Anhalt during the Walcheren expedition. He fought in the Peninsula, becoming lie ...

TORRES NOVAS, a town of Portugal, in the district of Santarem, 19 m. N.N.E. of Santarem on the Lisbon-Entroncamento railway. Pop. (1900), 10,746. It manufactures cottons, linens, jute, paper, leather and spirits. It was probably founded by Greeks, and was held ...

TORRES VEDRAS, a town of Portugal, in the district of Lisbon, 43 m. N. by W. of Lisbon, on the Lisbon-Figueira da Foz railway. Pop. (1900), 6900. Torres Vedras is built on the left bank of the river Sizandro; it has a Moorish citadel and hot sulphur baths. Rom ...

TORRES Y VILLAROEL, DIEGO DE (1696-1759?), Spanish miscellaneous writer, was born hi 1696 at Salamanca, where his father was bookseller to the university. In his teens Torres escaped to Portugal where he enlisted under a false name; he next moved tc Madrid, li ...

TORREVIEJA, a seaport of south-eastern Spain, in the province of Alicante, 3 m. S.W. of Cape Cervera, and at the terminus of a railway to Albatera on the Alicante-Murcia line. Pop. (1900), 7706. The district is famous for its salt beds, which are owned and wor ...

TORREY, JOHN (1796-1873), American botanist, was bom at New York on the i5th of August 1796. When he was 15 or 16 years of age his father received a prison appointment at Greenwich, and there he made the acquaintance of Amos Eaton (i 776-1842), a pioneer of na ...