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TOKEN MONEY, the term employed originally to describe the counters or " tokens " issued by traders to meet the lack of small change. It has now been appropriated by economists and officials to denote the smaller currency that circulates at a nominal value high ...

... the cavalry was so expensive that the state gave financial assistance. A sum of money (aes equestre) was given to each eques for the purchase of two horses (one for himself and one for his groom), and a further sum for their keep (aes hordearium) ; hence the n ...

... ignatum are not rare. Both forms are usually spoken of as the earliest forms of money, but as the aes rude generally bears no marks of valuation or of any mint, and as the aes signatum is far too large and heavy for ordinary circulation, it is probable that th ...

... hurches of Galatia, lay up in store on the first of the week, each one of them, money for the poor saints of Jerusalem. This is the first notice of Sunday Eucharistic collections of alms for the poor. Here seems to belong in the order of development the Cathar ...

... the north, being young men who went out to work for a few years to get a little money to marry upon. A change was probably inevitable and came, apparently, between 1840 and 1850. The accessions in that decade from Ireland and Germany were enormous, the total i ...

... ey were again transferred to the Cutch government in consideration of an annual money payment. Subsequently it was discovered that this obligation pressed heavily upon the resources of the native state, and in 1832 the pecuniary equivalent for Anjar, both pros ...

... was gradually transformed into a commercial middleman and a practised dealer in money. Oppressed by the Church, and persecuted by the State, his theocratic and monarchical traditions lost their hold on his daily life, and he became saturated with a passionate ...

... lican parties. Antony proceeded to Greece, and thence to Asia Minor, to procure money for his veterans and complete the subjugation of the eastern provinces. On his passage through Cilicia in 41 he fell a victim to the charms of Cleopatra, in whose company he ...

... nce (Louis XVIII.) at different courts of Europe, and at the same time received money from the courts he visited. He published a number of pamphlets, Des monstres ravagent partoul, Point d'accommodement, &c. At Venice, where he was attache to the Russian legat ...

... ognized at Carrick-a-rede, in the intrusive mass of dolerite at Slcmish, at Carnmoney near Belfast, and a few other points. Fair Head is formed of intrusive dolerite, presenting a superb columnar seaward face. Faulting, probably in Pliocene times, lowered the ...

... prosperity, and recall the i6th century distiih thai Antwerp was noted for its moneyed men (" Antwcrpia nummis "). Despite the ravages of war and internal disturbances it .si ill preserves some memorials of its early grandeur, notably its fine cathedral. This ...

... t appealing to the " signs of an apostle " (i Cor. ix. 2; 2 Cor. xii. 1 2), the tokens of spiritual gift visible in work done, and particularly in the planting of the Gospel in fresh fields (2 Cor. x. 14-18). It may be in this wide charismatic sense that Paul ...

... ory. and a* a member of the chamber of deputies he was able to obtain grants of money for rebuilding it in part, and for the addition of magnificent instruments. In the same year, too, he was chosen perpetual secretary of the Academy of Sciences, in room of J. ...

... men collect trees, as they do paintings or books. They spare neither pains nor money in acquiring specimens, even from distant lands, to which they often send out expert collectors at their own expense. This, too, the Royal Horticultural Society was once wont ...

... l insult from his creditors, and on visiting London in September 1655 to obtain money due to him from the Scottish parliament, he was arrested for debt, though soon liberated. In Richard Cromwell's parliament of 1659 Argyll sat as member for Aberdeenshire. At ...

... that a sophist like Protagoras will teach superficially anything as wisdom for money; and that even a dialectician like Plato will write a dialogue, such as the Republic, nominally about justice, but really about all things from the generality of the form of ...

... to shelter it. Once at Jerusalem, it seems to have lost its unique value as the token of Yahweh's presence; its importance was apparently merged with that of the Temple which Solomon built. The foundation of the capital would pave the way for the belief that t ...

... ged the king's service and banishc<l the king's court." He settled in .Ion as a money-lender, and many complaints were made to tin- privy council and Mouse of Lords of his sharp practices. In 164 1 on the occasion of Laud's arrest, he enjoyed a mean revenge by ...

... ted Holland, the ruler of which, William of Orange, certainly gave him help and money. Arnaud occupied himself with organizing his 3000 countrymen who had taken refuge in Switzerland, and who twice (1687-1688) attempted to regain their homes. The English revol ...

... ur, and on his ooth birthday received from all parts of Germany good wishes and tokens of affection. He died at Bonn on the zpth of January 1860. Arndt was twice married, first in 1800, his wife dying in the following year; a second time in 1817. Arndt's untir ...

... , is in the form of a female with many breasts, the symbol of productivity or a token of her function as the all-nourishing mother. From the waist to the feet her image resembles a pillar, narrowing downwards and sculptured all round with rows of animals (lion ...

... funds as telegrams do nowadays. " At Rome," Montaigne tells us, '1 large sum of money was lost on the Change by this prognostication of our ruin." The marquis of Saluces, notwithstanding his gratitude to Francis I. for the many favours he had received, includi ...

... laborate set of experiments by Professor Newcomb in 1880-1882 ; and the result, token in connexion with the aberration-constant as determined at Pulkowa, yielded a solar parallax of 8-79', or a distance (in round numbers) of 93,000,000 m. But the direct or geo ...

... a Spaniard. Atahuallpa, thus treacherously captured, offered an enormous sum of money as a ransom, and fulfilled his engagement; but Pizarro still detained him, until the Spaniards should have arrived in sufficient numbers to secure the country. While in capti ...

... ent round the great cities with an image of the goddess on an ass and collected money. The wide extension of the cult is attributable largely to Syrian merchants; thus we find traces of it in the great seaport towns; at Delos especially numerous inscriptions h ...

... overnments of Germany, France and the United States made considerable grants of money to defray the expenses of the competitors from those countries. These games aroused much more interest in England than the earlier ones in the series, but though upwards of f ...

... ts as banking, railways, cotton manufacture, the tariff and free trade, and the money question. He was appointed in 1887 a special commissioner to report upon the status of bimetallism in Europe. He also made a special study of mill construction and fire preve ...

... ioneer without being duly licensed. The duty formerly imposed upon the purchase-money payable by virtue of a sale at auction was abolished by an act of 1845. An auctioneer is bound under a penalty of £20 to see that his full name and address are displayed befo ...

... d; by this the vassal compounded for his forty days' personal service by paying money, with which the king could hire professional soldiers. But even with this help he could never keep a large enough army together. Meanwhile England, though somewhat heavily ta ...

... belonged to the counts of Mansfeld, it received the right to hold markets, coin money, and levy tolls. From 1531 to 1710 it was the seat of the cadet line of the counts of Mansfeld-Eisleben. After the extinction of the main line of the counts of Mansfeld, Eisl ...

... wholesome self-sacrifice which is a condition of life for those who are poor in money and rich in spirit. His aunt. Miss Mary Moody Emerson, a brilliant old maid, an ecce'ntric saint, was a potent factor in his education. Loving him, believing in his powers, p ...

... ng woman who should within the year bear a son, might call his name Immanuel in token of the divine protection accorded to Judah. For before the infant should come to even the immature intelligence of childhood the lands of the foe would be laid waste (Isaiah ...

... N (through the Fr. enseigne from the Latin plural insiKiiiti). a distinguishing token, emblem or badge such as symbols of office, or in heraldry, the ornament or sign, such as the crown, coronet or mitre borne above the charge or arms. The word is more particu ...

... requirements for the B.D. After a year or two he left Montaigu and eked out his money from the bishop by taking pupils. One of these, a young Englishman, William Blount, 4th Baron Mount joy (d. 1534), persuaded him to visit England in the spring of 1499. Being ...

... e famous ordinance empowering the king to maintain a standing army and to raise money for its maintenance was passed at Orleans by the states-general. These measures proved successful ; in 1453 the Hundred Years' War came to an end, and Louis XI. managed betwe ...

... e single parliament, and that was summoned not to give him advice, or raise him money, but purely and solely to attaint his brother of Clarence, whom he had resolved to destroy. The ^duke'ot duke's fate (Feb- J7' J478) need provoke no sympathy, Clarence, he wa ...

... no part in politics. In 93 he was elected praetor after a lavish squandering of money, and he delighted the populace with an exhibition of a hundred lions from Africa. Next year (92) he went as propraetor of Cilicia with special authority from the senate to ma ...

... f gold or silver was interdicted to the citizens of Sparta, and the use of iron money alone was permitted by the Lycurgean legislation. " Even in the cities which had early departed from the Doric customs," says K. O. Miiller, " there were frequent and strict ...

... working of the telegraphs and the industry began to make progress. Telegraphic money orders were established in 1850; a cable was laid between Dover and Calais, and in November 1851 the stock exchanges of London and Paris were able for the first time to compa ...

... 1876 of a debt of $4,792,394. The constitution of 1876 forbids the borrowing of money except to supply casual deficiencies of revenue (amount limited to $200,000 at a time), repel invasion, suppress insurrection, defend the state in war, or pay existing debts. ...