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TOLSTOY, LEO (1828-1910), Russian novelist and social reformer, was born on the 9th of September (August 28) 1828, in the home of his fathers — Yasnaya Polyana, near Toula — a large country house (not the present one) built in a severely formal style, with Dor ...

... across the passes in the early part of the igth century was inaugurated by Napoleon's road across the Simplon completed in 1805. A later paragraph will show that modern railways follow much the same, it not exactly the same, routes. On the cany use of the SaA ...

... S, in Egyptian Hartkafe, " he who is upon his lake," the ram-headed god of Heracleopolis Magna, gained an ephemeral importance during the IXth Dynasty, which arose from his town. Outwardly, be resembles Khnum. Little is known about him, and he is seldom mentio ...

... ll and containing scarlet pips like a pomegranate. The fauna includes the lion, leopard, cheetah, elephant, giraffe, rhinoceros, hippopotamus, buffalo, zebra, kudu and many other kinds of antelope, wild pig, ostrich and crocodile. Among fish are the barbel, br ...

... brecht of Anhalt-Pl6tzkau, who surrendered Plotzkau to Bernburg.and took the titleof prince of Anhalt-Cothen. In the same year the princes of Anhalt decided that if any branch of the family became extinct its lands should be equally divided between the remaini ...

ANHALT-DESSAU, LEOPOLD I., PRINCE OF (1676-1747), called the "Old Dessauer" (Alter Dessauer), general field marshal in the Prussian army, was the only surviving son of John George II. , prince of Anhalt-Dessau, and was born on the 3rd of July 1676 at Dessau. F ...

... ngeance on the hunter, (b) to a desire to placate the rest of the species. (See Leopard, below.) (iv.) Animals are frequently regarded as the abode, temporary or permanent, of the souls of the dead, sometimes as the actual souls of the dead. Respect for them i ...

ANIM&, an oleo-resin (said to be so called because in its natural state it is infested with insects) which is exuded from the locust tree, Hymenaea coumaril, and other species of Hymenaea growing in tropical South America. It is of a pale brown colour, transpa ...

... part nocturnal and are believed to be carnivorous. The best-known species, Myrmeleon formitariuj, which may be found adult in the late summer, occurs in many countries on the European continent, though like the rest of this group it is not indigenous in Englan ...

... ts series: good bibliography; Eng. trans, by Edith Guest, London, 1902), and by Leopold de Cherance, St Antmnt de Padoue (Paris, 1895; Eng. trans., London, 1896). His works, consisting of sermons and a mystical commentary on the Bible, were published in an app ...

... hington, 1893): The New Exodus, by Harold Frederic (1892); Les Juifs russes, by Leo Errera (Brussels, 1893). The most valuable collection of facts relating to the persecutions of 1881-1882 are to be found in the Feuilles Jaunts (52 nos.), compiled and circulat ...

... He wrote, with papal approval, the letter requesting the Italians to occupy the Leonine city, and obtained from the Italians payment of the Peter's pence (5,000,000 lire) remaining in the papal exchequer, as well as 50,000 scudi — the first and only instalment ...

... vinces. On his passage through Cilicia in 41 he fell a victim to the charms of Cleopatra, in whose company he spent the winter at Alexandria. At length he was aroused by the Parthian invasion of Syria and the report of an outbreak between Fulvia his wife and L ...

... le; " the author of Paradise Lost " for Milton; " the little corporal " for Napoleon I. ; " Macedonia's madman " for Alexander the Great, &c. &c. The opposite substitution of a proper name for some generic term is also sometimes called antonomasia; as " a Cice ...

... Sent as Russian attache to Dresden, he published a violent pamphlet against Napoleon I., and was expelled by the Saxon government. He then went to London, and it was universally believed that he betrayed the secret articles of the treaty of Tilsit to the Briti ...

... e (i) the Little or Bonaparte dock; (2) the Great dock, also constructed in Napoleon's time; (3) the Kattendijk, built in 1860 and enlarged in 1881 ; (4) the Wood dock; (5) the Campine dock, used especially for minerals; (6) the Asia dock, which is in direct c ...

... ght and language of the Western Church, a fact which was strongly emphasized by Leo XIII. (q.v.) in his Encyclical of August 4, 1879, which directed the clergy to take the teachings of Aquinas as the basis of their theological position. In 1880 he was declared ...

... French colonies. In the beginning of May 1852, when the government of Louis Napoleon required an oath of allegiance from all its functionaries, Arago peremptorily refused, and sent in his resignation of his post as astronomer at the Bureau des Longitudes. This ...

... artment contributed essentially to the victories of the Russians during the Napoleonic wars. All critics agree, indeed, that the Arakcheev administration was the golden era of the Russian artillery. The activity of the inexhaustible inspector knew no bounds, a ...

... scarcity of timber for naval purposes, and the increased expense during the Napoleonic war of obtaining foreign supplies, planting received a great stimulus in Britain in the early part of the ipth century. After the peace of 1815 the rage for planting with a ...

... point. A battle was fought here on the 2oth and 2ist of March 1814 between Napoleon and the Austro-Russian army under Schwarzenberg (see NAPOLEONIC CAMPAIGNS).

... (isth, i6th and I7th of November 1796), in which the French, under General Napoleon Bonaparte, defeated the Austrians commanded by Allvintzy (see FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS).

... trict. In the western tracts, dense patches of jungle furnish covert to tigers, leopards, bears and monkeys. The principal river is the Coleroon which forms the southern boundary of the district, separating it from Trichinopoly. This river is abundantly suppli ...

... rieve this loss resulted in a crushing defeat near Tiryns at the hands of King Cleomenes I. (probably in 493), which so weakened the Argives that they had to open the franchise to their Perioeci. By this time they had also lost control over the other cities of ...

... ed writing it in 346, in 336, and so on till he died. Similarly, he began the Mrleorologica as early as 356 and was still writing it in 341. Both books were commenced some years before Plato's death: both were works of many years: both were destined to form pa ...

... ery graceful verse. Arnault collaborated in a Vie politiqur ei militaire de Napoleon (1822), and wrote some very interesting Souvenirs d'ttn sexagtnaire (1833), which contain much out-of-the-way information about the history of the yean previous to 1804. Arnau ...

... he first part of his Geisl der Zeit, in which he flung down the gauntlet to Napoleon and called on his countrymen to rise and shake off the French yoke. So great was the excitement it produced that Arndt was compelled to take refuge in Sweden to escape the ven ...

... arie Antoinette, ihr Brief wechsel (ib. 1866); Marie Antoinette, Joseph II. und Leopold II., ihr Briefwechsel (1866); Maria Theresa und Joseph II., ihre Korresponden* saint Briefen Josephs an srinen Bruder Leopold (3 vols., 1867); Beaumarchais und Sonnenfels ( ...

... this office, became metropolitan of Bavaria and received the pallium from Pope Leo III. The area of his authority was extended to the east by the conquests of Charlemagne over the Avars, and he began to take a prominent part in the government of Bavaria. He a ...

... ount of the topography of the Arsinoite nome. Eurydice by Justin (xxx. 2), and Cleopatra by Livy (xxvii. 4). Her presence greatly encouraged the troop* at the battle of Kaphia (217), in which Antiochu* the Great was defeated. Her husband put. her to death to p ...

... mesentery a series of arches before they end in the wall ol the intestines; an ileocolic branch to the end of the ileum, the caecum, and beginning of the colon ; a right colic branch to the ascending colon: and a middle colic branch to the transverse colon. Th ...

... e was erected in his native town on the Marche du Vendredi, and was unveiled by Leopold I., king of the Belgians, on the I3th of September 1863. See J. Hutten, Jamei and Philip van Artevelde (London, 1882); W. J. Ashley, James and Philip van Artevdde (London, ...

... to designate more than one species of serpent; thus the asp, by means of which Cleopatra is said to have ended her life, and so avoided the disgrace of entering Rome a captive, is now generally supposed to have been the cerastes, or horned viper (Cerastes corn ...

... (1862) ; L. Becq de Fouquieres, Aspasie de Milet (1872); H. Houssaye, Aspasie, Cleop&tre, Theodora (1899); R. Hamerling, Aspasia (a romance; Eng. trans, by M. J. Safford, New York, 1882) ; J. Donaldson, Woman (1907). Also PERICLES.

... on the list and 22nd of May 1809 between the French and their allies under Napoleon and the Austrians commanded by the archduke Charles (see NAPOLEONIC CAMPAIGNS). At the time of the battle Napoleon was in possession of Vienna, the bridges over the Danube had ...

ASTORGA, a city of N.W. Spain, in the province of Leon; situated near the right bank of the river Tuerto, and at the junction of the Salamanca-Corunna and Leon-Astorga railways. Pop. (1000) 5573. Astorga was the Roman Asturica Augusta, a provincial capital, an ...

... houlders and arms to the Gemini (or twins), the breast to Cancer, the flanks to Leo, the bladder to Virgo, the buttocks to the Balance, the pubis to the Scorpion, the thighs to Sagittarius, the knees to Capricorn, and the limbs to Aquarius. Not content with th ...

... of the planetary orbit precisely as the pole of the earth does aruu m I thr |*>leof the ecliptic, the inclination ol the two orbits remaining unchanged. If a planet rotates on its axis so rapidly as to have a considerable elliptiaty, and if it has satellites ...

... orthern Spain, bounded on the N. by the Bay of Biscay, E. by Old Castile, S. by Leon and W. by Galicia. Pop. (1900) 627,069; area, 4205 sq. m. By the division of Spain in 1833, the province took the name of Oviedo, though not to the exclusion, in ordinary usag ...

... is mentioned in Domesday among the possessions of Countess Godiva, the widow of Leofric. In the reign of Henry III. it passed to the monks of Bee in Normandv, who in 1246 obtained the grant of an annual fair at the feast of the Nativity of the Virgin, and the ...