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TRIUMPH OP REFORM (1793-1837) In appearance the great Whig landowners gave their support to Pitt, and in 1794 some of their leaders, the duke of Portland, Lord Fitz william, and Windham, entered the cabinet I%Z*rm. lo xrve under him. In reality it was Pitt who ...

TRIUMPH (triumphus) , amongst the ancient Romans, the highest honour bestowed upon a victorious general. Originally it was only granted on certain conditions, which were subsequently relaxed in special cases. Only those who had held the .office of dictator, co ...

... e that it is a racial struggle — an incident of the eternal conflict between Europe and Asia — and that the anti-Semites are engaged in an effort to prevent what is called the Aryan race from being subjugated by a Semitic immigration, and to save Aryan ideals ...

... n apologetics may be termed " an apology." More elaborate contrasts have been proposed between the two words, but are of little practical importance. I. TheWord itself. — In Greek, AroXo-yla is the defendant's reply (personally, not through a lawyer) to the sp ...

... ke his father was one of the most influential members of the party of religious reform, signing what was probably the first " godly band " in December 1557. As one of the " lords of the congregation " he was one of James Stuart's principal lieutenants during t ...

... gin to rid itself of astrology till the i6th century, when, with the system of Copernicus, the conviction that the earth itself is one of the heavenly bodies was finally established. The study of astromancy and the belief in it, as part of astronomy, is found ...

... field we have defined is divisible into at least two parts, that of Astronomy proper, or " Astrometry," which treats of the motions, mutual relations and dimensions of the heavenly bodies; and that of Astrophysics (<?.».), which treats of their physical consti ...

... e Egyptians and several Asiatic races, from whom the early Greeks undoubtedly adopted the elements of their athletic exercises (see ATHLETE), which reached their highest development in the Olympic games, and other periodical meetings of the kind (see GAMES, CL ...

... ing to the incapacity of his colleagues to realize the unique importance of the operations in Spain. In November 18 10 the old king's mind gave way, and on the i ith of February 1811, an act of parliament bestowed the regency, under certain restrictions, upon ...

... roduced to political life by his father. He also spent many years in western Europe, assimilating the new ideas both literary and political, and making the acquaintance of the leaders of the Romantic school. On his return to Hungary he wrote his first politica ...

EUROPE, the smallest of those principal divisions of the land-surface of the globe which are usually distinguished by the conventional name of continents. i. GEOGRAPHY AND STATISTICS It has justly become a commonplace of geography to describe Europe as a mere ...

... he secret of his success seems to have been the enthusiastic devotion of his troops, whom he continued to hold well in hand, while allowing them to indulge in plundering and all kinds of excess. From 104 to 101 he served again under Marius in the war with the ...

... oric dances in honour of Dionysus, which were held in a circular dancing-place (opx^orpo, Lat. orchestra) in his precinct at the foot of the Acropolis at Athens. When the leader of the chorus held a dialogue with the remaining choreutae he mounted the table wh ...

... e control of myths. He further denies that Aristotle identified his First Philosophy with a " theology," holding the text of the Metaphysics to be out of order and 1 Philosophische Monatshefte (1888), Heft I and 2. See also THEISM. • corrupted, though from a v ...

... on with the land districts of which the coast-line is only the border. General Topography and Drainage. — The low Atlantic coast and the hilly or mountainous Pacific coast foreshadow the leading features in the distribution of mountains within the United State ...

... a race that took a prominent part in the medieval and Renaissance history of Europe. The local drawbacks and difficulties once surmounted, Venice by her geographical position became the seaport nearest the heart of Europe. Ethnography and Early History. — As t ...

... higher regions to the south-west. The area of the duchy is 006 sq. m., and the population in 1005 amounted to 328,007, a ratio of about 351 to the square mile. The country is divided into the districts of Dessau, Cdthen, Zerbst, Bernburg and Ballenstedt, of wh ...

ANTHONY. SUSAN BROWNELL (1820-1006), American reformer, was born at Adams, Massachusetts, on the i$th of February 1820, the daughter of Quakers. Soon after her birth, her family moved to the state of New York, and after 1845 she lived in Rochester. She receive ...

ANTISTROPHE, the portion of an ode which is sung by the chorus in its returning movement from west to east, in response to the strophe, which was sung from east to west. It is of the nature of a reply, and balances the effect of the strophe. Thus, in Gray's od ...

... INUS, SAINT [ANTONIO PIEROZZI, also called DE FORCIGLIONI] (1389-1459), archbishop of Florence, was born at that city on the ist of March 1389. He entered the Dominican order in his i6th year, and was soon entrusted, in spite of his youth, with the government ...

... ing assigned to him. Here he was so successful against the pirates that a naval triumph was awarded him. He was consul in 99, censor 97, and held a command in the Marsic War in 90. An adherent of Sulla, he was put to death by Marius and Cinna when they obtaine ...

... ravellers and narrators of every description, but also poets, orators and philosophers. One of his cherished objects was to reform geography by putting an end to the blind copying of older maps, by testing the commonly accepted positions of places through a ri ...

... Bt/SXio6i\Krt, a valuable authority on ancient mythology. Modern critics are of opinion that, if genuine, it is an abridgment of a larger work by him (Ilepl Qduv). F.dition, with commentary, by Heyne (1803); text by Wagner (1894) (Mythographi Graeci, vol. i. T ...

APOLLONIUS OF TYANA, a Greek philosopher of the NeoPythagorean school, born a few years before the Christian era. He studied at Tarsus and in the temple of Asclepius at Aegae, where he devoted himself to the doctrines of Pythagoras and adopted the ascetic habi ...

... Agrippa in the second book of Livy, and perhaps most famous of all, those of Aesop. The term is applied more particularly to a story in which the actors or speakers are taken from the brute creation or inanimate nature. An apologue is distinguished from a fabl ...

... . Origen incorporated it in his Hexapla. It was thought that this was the only copy extant, but in 1897 fragments of two codices were brought to the Cambridge University Library. These have been published — the fragments containing I Kings xx. 7-17; 2 Kings xx ...

AQUINO, a town and episcopal see of Campania, Italy, in the province of Caserta; it is 56 m. N.W. by rail from the town of Caserta, and 7^ m. N.W. of Cassino. Pop. (1901) 2672. The modern town, dose to the ancient, is unimportant, though the canons of the cath ...

... the death of P. F. A. M6chain (1744-1804). The two left Paris in 1806 and began operations among the mountains of Spain, but Biot returned to Paris after they had determined the latitude of Fonnentera, the southernmost point to which they were to carry the sur ...

... but pursued his course unflinchingly and introduced many indispensable hygienic reforms. " Clean barracks are healthy barracks," was his motto. Nevertheless, the opposition of the officers proved too strong for him, and on the i Sth of March 1798 he was dismis ...

ARANDA, PEDRO PABLO ABARCA DE BOLEA, COUNT OP (1719-1798), Spanish minister and general, was born at the castle of Sietamo, a lordship of his family near Hucsca in Aragon, on the ist of August 1719. The house of Abarca was very ancient, a fact of which Don Ped ...

... railway, which has a branch to Forfar, via Guthrie, on the Caledonian railway. Pop. (1891) 22,821; (1001) 22,398. The town is under the jurisdiction of a provost, bailies and council, and, with Brcchin, Forfar, Invcrbcrvje and Montrose, returns one member to p ...

ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. dpxieirtcrKOTros) , in the Christian Church, the title of a bishop of superior rank, implying usually jurisdiction over other bishops, but no superiority of order over them. The functions of the archbishop, as at prese ...

... n years (?752 B.C.); (4) the office was taken from the "royal " clan and thrown open to all Eupatridae (? 712 B.C.); (5) office was made annual, and to the existing three offices were added the six thesmothetae whose duty it was to record judicial decisions. T ...

... with an accompaniment of other voices or instruments. The aria originally developed from the expansion of a single vocal melody, generally on the lines of what is known as binary form (see SONATA and SONATA FORMS). Accordingly, while the germs of aria form ma ...

... others were in the Downs with Lord Henry Seymour and Sir William Winter, to co-operate with a Dutch squadron under Justinus of Nassau in blockading the Flemish ports, then occupied by the Spanish army of the duke of Parma. The object was to prevent the propos ...

... abitants are generally in circumstances of comparative comfort. The principal crops are oats and potatoes, but all grain crops are decreasing, and flax, formerly grown to a considerable extent, is now practically neglected. The acreage under pasture slightly e ...

... rved with distinction as an officer in the Roman armies. Returning to his own people he found them chafing under the yoke of the Roman governor, Quintilius Varus; he entertained for them hopes of freedom, and cautiously inducing neighbouring tribes to join his ...

... up wholly to the church. HENRI ARNAULD (1597-1692), the second son, became bishop of Angers in 1649, and represented Jansenism on the episcopal Bench for as long as forty-three years. The youngest son, ANTOINE (1612-1694), was the most famous of Jansenist the ...

... lished Cher die Freiheit der alien ReptMiken. In 1803 appeared Germanien und Europa, " a fragmentary ebullition." as he himself called it, of his views on the French aggression. This was followed by one of the most remarkable of his books, Versuch finer Geschi ...

... A " (d. 1155), one of the most ardent adversaries of the temporal power of the popes. He belonged to a family of importance, if not noble, and was born probably at Brescia, in Italy, towards the end of the nth century. He distinguished himself in his monastic ...