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... rs who have left the most complete and trustworthy contemporary accounts of the Turkish army in the 1 4th and isth centuries, when it reached the height of its most characteristic development, are Bertrandon de la Brocquiire, equerry to Philip the Good, duke o ...

... the modern cuirassiers. It was not, however, until much later that the Austrian army came into existence as a permanent force. Rudolph II. formed a small standing force about 1600, but relied upon the " enlistment " system, like other sovereigns of the time, f ...

... nd all the democratic tendencies of occidental industrialism. Excluded from the army, the land, the trade corporations and the artisan gilds, this quondam oriental peasant was gradually transformed into a commercial middleman and a practised dealer in money. O ...

... was born in Lower Egypt in 1839 or 1840 of a fellah family. Having entered the army as a conscript he was made an officer by Said Pasha in 1862, and was employed in the transport department in the Abyssinian campaign of 1875 under Ismail Pasha. A charge of pe ...

... known at court as the petit abbe, but his own predilection was strongly for the army. His mother, however, had fallen into disgrace at court, and his application for a commission, repeated more than once, was refused by Louis XIV. This, and the influence of hi ...

... n the Azores, are excluded, but all the Greek islands of the Aegean Sea and the Turkish islands of Thasos, Lemnos, Samothrace, Imbros, Hagiostrati or Bozbaba, and even Tenedos, are included. The most northern point of the mainland area is Cape Nordkyn in Norwa ...

... sed all overtures, and in January 1815 advanced into Nejd, defeated the Wahhabi army and occupied Ras, then the chief town in Kasim. Terms of peace were made, but on the retirement of the Egyptians Abdallah refused to carry out the conditions agreed on, which ...

... er of the great author) was born in 1797. After serving for a short time in the army he retired in 1824, and led the life of a Russian boyar. By his marriage with the princess Maria Volkonsky, Count Nicholas in a great measure rebuilt the family fortunes, whic ...

... public, which used it as a dwelling-place for royal guests before letting it to Turkish merchants. The word Fondaco (derived through Arabic from the Greek jravSoxeioi'), as applied to some of the Venetian palaces, denotes the mercantile headquarters of a forei ...

... yean after in 1635, during the Thirty Years' War, be was general of the French army in Lorraine. In 1636 he was made lieutenantgeneral of the army. He appears to have retired from public life shortly after the death of Richelieu in 1643. His first wife died i ...

... ention with Prussia of 1867 the Anhalt troops form a contingent of the Prussian army. Appeal from the lower courts of the duchy lie* to the appeal court at Naumburg in ian Saxony. History.— During the 1 1 th century the greater part of Anhalt was included in t ...

... lled the "Old Dessauer" (Alter Dessauer), general field marshal in the Prussian army, was the only surviving son of John George II. , prince of Anhalt-Dessau, and was born on the 3rd of July 1676 at Dessau. From his earliest youth he was devoted to the profess ...

... ld Venetian fortress, surrounded by mosques and bazaars; for Antivari is rather Turkish than Montenegrin. The fine bay of Antivari, with Prstan, its port, is distant about one hour's drive through barren and forbidding country, shut in by mountains. At the nor ...

... On the outbreak of the Catilinarian conspiracy, Antonius was obliged to lead an army into Etruria, but handed over the command on the day of battle to Marcus Petreius, on the ground of ill-health. He then went to Macedonia, where he made himself so detested by ...

... sters of Louis XVI. He was a cavalry captain, but, having little- taste for the army, left it and travelled extensively, especially in the East. On his return to Paris, he sought the society of philosophers and artists, visited Voltaire at Ferney for three mon ...

... that Antrim was the author of a forged agreement for the betrayal of the king's army by Lord Inchiquin.1 Subsequently he joined Ireton, and was present at the siege of Carlow. He returned to England in December 1650, and in lieu of his confiscated estate recei ...

... n important part at the time of Clovis. It was they, apparently, who formed the army which conquered the land, an army composed chiefly of Franks, and of a few Gallo-Romans who had taken the side of Clovis. After the conquest, the role of the antrustions becam ...

... mbardment they would have to be carried 3 m. further out, and the whole Belgian army would scarcely furnish an adequate garrison for this extended position. A new enceinte, or more correctly a rampart of a less permanent character, connecting the eight forts o ...

... raeco-Hebrew civilization and commerce. There Antiochus the Great collected the army with which he met the Romans at Magnesia, and there two years later the treaty between Rome and the Seleucid realm was signed. After Antiochus' departure for the East, Apamea ...

... rusades, directed by the bishop of Vercelli, were required to reduce the little army of the heresiarch, entrenched in the mountains in the neighbourhood of Vercelli. Not till the 23rd APOSTOLIC MAJESTY— APOTHECARY of March 1307 were the sectaries definitively ...

AR6YROKASTRO, or ARGYROCASTRON (Turkish, Ergeri; Albanian, Ergir Castri) , a town of southern Albania, Turkey, in the vilayet of lannina. Pop. (1900) about 11,000. Argyrokastro is finely situated 1060 ft. above sea-level, on the eastern slopes of the Acrocerau ...

... TAN), a province of Persia, bounded on the S. by the Persian Gulf, on the W. by Turkish territory, on the N. by Luristan and on the E. by the Bakhtiari district and Pars. It has its modem name, signifying " land of the Arabs," from the Arabs who form the bulk ...

... thers. Jean (17881836) emigrated to America and became a general in the Mexican army. Jacques Etienne Victor (1799-1855) took part in L. C. de S. de Freycinet's exploring voyage in the " Uranie " from 1817 to 1821, and on his return to France devoted himself t ...

... revich Paul Petrovich as the artillery officer most capable of reorganizing the army corps maintained by the prince at Gatchina. Arakcheev speedily won the entire confidence of Paul by his scrupulous zeal and undeniable technical ability. His inexorable discip ...

... y at Bologna and partly at the military school of Parma. In 1740 he entered the army as captain in the regiment " Castilla," of which his father was proprietary colonel. On the death of his father he became colonel, and served in the Italian campaigns of the W ...

ARBOGAST (d. 394), a barbarian officer in the Roman army, at the end of the 4th century. His nationality is uncertain, but Zosimus, Eunapius and Sulpicius Alexander (a GalloRoman historian quoted by Gregory of Tours) all refer to him as a Frank. Having served ...

... Grange of Conon, 3) m. north-west. Two miles west by south are the quarries of Carmyllie, the terminus of a branch line from Arbroath, which was the first light railway in Scotland and was opened in 1000.

... nstant quarrels of its Prankish barons (1205-1460). The succeeding centuries of Turkish rule, combined with an Albanian immigration, raised the prosperity of the land, but in the Wars of Independence the strategic importance of Arcadia once more made it a cent ...

... e affairs, and, contrary to precedent, was seven times elected commander of the army. Under his leadership, Tarentum fought with unvarying success against the Messapii, Lucania and even Syracuse. After a life of high intellectual achievement and uninterrupted ...

... here on the 2oth and 2ist of March 1814 between Napoleon and the Austro-Russian army under Schwarzenberg (see NAPOLEONIC CAMPAIGNS).

... e with the Long Parliament in 1643. In January 1644 he accompanied the Scottish army into England as a member of the committee of both kingdoms and in command of a troop of horse, but was soon in March compelled to return to suppress royalist movements in the ...

... the other hand on a declining scale in nature, as both in a general and in his army; but rather in God, and more in some parts of nature than in others. Thus even God is a substance, a separate individual, whose differentiating essence is to be a living being ...

... e like, and for the various branches, artillery, cavalry, infantry, of which an army is composed, the " arms of the service." " Arms " or " armorial bearings " are the heraldic devices displayed by knights in battle on the defensive armour or embroidered on th ...

... ustinus of Nassau in blockading the Flemish ports, then occupied by the Spanish army of the duke of Parma. The object was to prevent the proposed junction of the forces of Medina Sidonia and Parma. On the 2oth of July the Armada was seen off the Lizard. It sai ...

... ded with the duke of Burgundy, and at his instigation Charles VII. collected an army to besiege the allies in Bourges. The peace of Bourges, confirmed at Auxerre on the 22nd of August, put an end to the war. Paris was dominated at that time by the party of the ...

... n to some Greeks who discharged certain military and police functions under the Turkish government. When the Turks under Sul tan Mahommed 1 1. conquered Greece in the 1 5th century, many of the Greeks fled into the mountainous districts of Macedonia and northe ...

... o the military hospital behind Buckingham House; and, in 1760, physician to the army in Germany, an appointment which he held till the peace of 1763, when he retired on half-pay. For many years he was closely associated with John Wilkes, but quarrelled with hi ...

... orn at Meulan, Seine-et-Oise, on the ist of February 1704. After serving in the army, and working in a button factory, he took to the stage. His first appearance (1815) was in tragedy, and for some time he was unsuccessful; it was not until 1827 that he showed ...

... e town, is a hospital endowed by King William III. for soldiers of the colonial army. Beyond is the popular summer resort of Velp, with the castle of Biljoen built by Charles, duke of Gelderland, in 1530, and the beautiful park of the ancient castle of Rozenda ...

... 1581 at Boytzenburg in Brandenburg. From 1613 to 1617 he served in the Swedish army under Gustavus Adolphus, took part in the Russian War, and afterwards fought against the Turks in the service of the king of Poland. In 1626, though a Protestant, he was induc ...