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UNDER-CROFT, in architecture, a synonym for crypt (q.v.), a vaulted chamber under ground.

... occur* at or near the bate of the quartzite*. »)u. h >«niaini fragment* of the underlying rock* and boulder* of granite not now found m pUce in that region. On the mainland, on the north tide of the compound synclinal folding of Loch Awe, the Ardrinhaig phyll ...

... spark and crackling sound when warm amber was rubbed, and compared them with thunder and lightning (Phil. Trans., 1708, 26, p. 69). Stephen Gray (1696-1736) noticed in 1720 that electricity could be excited by the friction of hair, silk, wool, paper and other ...

... I3th century there was in England an organized body of skilled workmen employed under a " chief engineer." At the siege of Calais in 1347 this corps consisted of masons, carpenters, smiths, tentmakers, miners, armourers, ENGIS gunners and artillerymen. At the ...

SUTTON, SIR RICHARD (d. c. 1524), the founder, with William Smyth, bishop of Lincoln, of Brasenose College, Oxford, and the first lay founder of any college, is said to have come of a good north-country family, the Suttons of that ilk, near Macclesfield, Chesh ...

... t $7,130,000); the rice crop, 9,894,000 bu. (valued at $7,717,000); the acreage under hay was 618,000, the crop being 587,000 tons and its value $6,985,000. Texas ranked first in 1899 among the states in the production and value of cotton, the acreage of which ...

... h-westward to Alabama, where the deformed mountain structures pass out of sight under nearly horizontal strata of the Gulf coastal plain. But the dimensions of the several belts and the strength of the relief developed by their later erosion varies greatly alo ...

... , shales and limestone. In some cases these sedimentary rocks lie deeply buried under lavas poured out by volcanoes long extinct. The plateau summits rise to elevations of 9000, 10,000 and 11,000 ft., are generally forested, but are too difficult of access to ...

... red by the Burmese, from which period until its cession to the British in 1826, under the treaty of Yandaboo, its history forms part of that of Burma. The old city of Arakan, formerly the capital of the province, i> situated on an inferior branch of the Kolada ...

... Editor of the Dictionary of National Biography, 1893-1901."] Author of England under the Protector Somerset; Life of Thomas Cranmer;&c. Estlenne. - Equation. Euseblus: of Caesarea. Eschatology. Espartero. Elasticity. Enamel. Embroidery (in part). Elizabeth, Q ...

... generally believed to have arisen from the final union of the various kingdoms under Alfred in 886. Bede (Hist. Eccl. i. 15) states that the people of the more northern kingdoms (East Anglia, Mercia, Northumbria, &c.) belonged to the Angli, while those of Ess ...

... nglomerates considered to be of Palaeozoic age. The outcrops are largely hidden under laterite. The median zone is composed largely of crystalline rocks with granites and some Palaeozoic unfossiliferous rocks. The littoral zone contains the only fossiliferous ...

... he Byzantine- Romanesque style, dates from the nth and 1 2th centuries, but has undergone frequent restoration, and was partly rebuilt in the latter half of the iqth century by the architect Paul Abadie. The facade, flanked by two towers with cupolas, is decor ...

... ing country for many miles is absolute desert, except after rare but terrible thunderstorms, when the dry bed of the Little Fish river is suddenly filled with a turbulent stream, the water finding its way into the bay. The islands off the coast of Angra Pequen ...

... he conduction of heat and with spectroscopy. In his optical researches, Optiska Undersokningar, presented to the Stockholm Academy in 1853, he not only pointed out that the electric spark yields two superposed spectra, one from the metal of the electrode and t ...

... uillain. The chief works of Francois are the monument to Cardinal de Berulle, founder of the Carmelite order, in the chapel of the oratory at Paris, of which all but the bust has been destroyed, and the mausoleum of Henri II., last due de Montmorency, at Mouli ...

... he treacherously made a treaty with Henry VII. about 1489 or 1491, by which he undertook to govern his relations with James according to instructions from England, and to hand over Hermitage Castle, commanding the pass through Liddesdale into Scotland, on the ...

... Anhalt-Bernburg, and comprising all the various Anhalt territories which were sundered apart in 1603. The country now known as Anhalt consists of two larger portions — Eastern and Western Anhalt, separated by the interposition of a part of Prussian Saxony — a ...

... Hochstadt, in which the Austrians and their allies were defeated by the French under Marshal Villars (September 20,1703). In the campaign of 1 704 the Prussian contingent served under Prince Louis of Baden and subsequently under Eugene, and Leopold himself wo ...

... species are muriacite and karstenite; the former, an earlier name, being given under the impression that the substance was a chloride (muriate). A peculiar variety occurring as contorted concretionary masses is known as tripe-stone, and a scaly granular varie ...

... proved them to be identical, and thenceforth they took their place as one body, under the name aniline or phenylamine. Pure aniline is a basic substance of an oily consistence, colourless, melting at —8° and boiling at 184° C. On exposure to air it absorbs oxy ...

ANIMAL HEAT. Under this heading is discussed the physiology of the temperature of the animal body. The higher animals have within their bodies certain sources of heat, and also some mechanism by means of which both the production and loss of heat can be regula ...

... their outward form; (B) according to their inward meaning, which may of course undergo transformations. (A) There are two broad divisions: (i) all animals of a given species are sacred, perhaps owing to the impossibility of distinguishing the sacred few from ...

... t in 1676 was retaken by Frederick William I. of Brandenburg, and after being plundered by the Russians in 1713 was ceded to Prussia by the peace of Stockholm in 1720.

... iplomatist. In 393 (or 392 B.C.) he was sent to Tiribazus, satrap of Sardis, to undermine the friendly relations then existing between Athens and Persia by offering to recognize Persian claims to the whole of Asia Minor. The Athenians sent an embassy under Con ...

... th glutinous saliva. The great anteater is terrestrial in habits, not burrowing underground like armadillos. Though generally an inoffensive animal, when attacked it can defend itself vigorously and effectively with its sabre-like anterior claws. The female pr ...

... ither rebuilt a city on the site of Troy, or settled at Cyrene, or became the founder of Patavium. Homer, Iliad, iii. 148. vii. 347: Horace. Epp. i. a. 9; Livy i. I ; Pindar, Pytkio, v. 83; Virgil. At*, i. 343.

... ness from the centre outwards, and is probably due to the diffraction of light. Under favourable conditions four concentric rings may be seen round the shadow of the observer's head, the outermost, which seldom appears, having an angular radius of 40°.

... arrant in the i6th century; Orlando Gibbons, Blow, and Purcell in the I7th, and Croft, Boyce, James Kent, James Nares. Benjamin Cooke, and Samuel Arnold in the iSth were famous composers of anthems, and in more recent times the names are too numerous to mentio ...

ANTHEM I US, Greek mathematician and architect, who produced, under the patronage of Justinian (A.O. 532), the original and daring plans for the church of St Sophia in Constantinople, which strikingly displayed at once his knowledge and his ignorance. He was o ...

... cessitating expiatory libations; on them the souls of the dead came up from the underworld and walked abroad; people chewed leaves of whitethorn and besmeared their doors with tar to protect themselves from evil. But at least in private circles the festive cha ...

... it wasonly in the iSth century that their true nature and structure came to be understood. By the ancients and the earlier naturalists of the Christian era they were regarded either as petrifactions or as plants, and many supposed that they occupied a positio ...

... s tissue is changed into a violet or black fluid mass. The bacillus of anthrax, under certain conditions, retains its vitality for a long time, and rapidly grows when it finds a suitable field in which to develop, its mode of multiplication being by scission a ...

... erated as Schulz-Juden outside the ghettos, and their sons, educated as Germans under the influence of Moses Mendelssohn and his school (see JEWS), supplied a majority of the leading spirits of the revolutionary agitation. To this period belong the formidable ...

ANTISTHENES (c. 444-365 B.C.), the founder of the Cynic school of philosophy, was born at Athens of a Thracian mother, a fact which may account for the extreme boldness of his attack on conventional thought. In his youth he studied rhetoric under Gorgias, perh ...

... may perhaps be accepted. Antium is named with Ardea, Laurentum and Circeii, as under Roman protection, in the treaty with Carthage in 348 B.C. In 341 it lost its independence after a rising with the rest of Latium against Rome, and the beaks (rostra) of the s ...

... h were probably those of the survey organized by Julius Caesar, and carried out under Augustus. Nothing is known with certainty as to the date or author. It is considered probable that the date of the original edition was the beginning of the 3rd century, whil ...

... m on the igth of September 86. After the death of his father, he was brought up under the care of Arrius Antoninus, his maternal grandfather, a man of integrity and culture, and on terms of friendship with the younger Pliny. Having filled with more than usual ...

... against Mithradates VI. He failed in the task, and made himself unpopular by plundering the provinces (Sallust, Hist, iii., fragments ed. B. Maurenbrecher, p. 108; Velleius Paterculus ii. 31; Cicero, In Verrem, iii. 91). He attacked the Cretans, who had made ...

... the principal lines of communication are those of the Northern Counties system, under the control of the Midland railway of England. The chief routes are: — Belfast, Antrim, Ballymena (and thence to Coleraine and Londonderry); a line diverging from this at Whi ...