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URBAN (Urbanus), the name of eight popes. St URBAN, first pope of that name, was bishop of Rome from 222 to 230. He had been preceded by Calixtus, and was followed by Pontianus.

URBAN IV. (Jacques Pantaleon), pope from the 29th of August 1261 to the 2nd of October 1264, was the son of a shoemaker of Troyes. Having received a monastic education, he became archdeacon of Liege and papal legate of Innocent IV. to Poland and Prussia; he wa ...

URBAN III. (Uberto Crivelli), pope from the 25th of November 1185 to the 2oth of October 1187, was a Milanese, and had been made cardinal-priest of St Lorenzo in Damaso and archbishop of Milan by Lucius III., whom he succeeded. His family had suffered greatly ...

TURBAN, the name of a particular form of head-dress worn by men of Mahommedan races. The earlier forms of the word in English are lurbant, turband, and tolibant or lulipant, the latter showing that variant of the original which survives in the name of the flow ...

AUDRAN, the name of a family of French artists and engravers. The first who devoted himself to the art of engraving was Claude Audran, born 1 597, and the last was Benoit, Claude's great-grandson, who died in 1772. The two most distinguished members of the fam

UBANGI, a river of Equatorial Africa, the chief northern affluent of the Congo (q.v.). The Ubangi (otherwise Mubangi or Mobangi) enters the Congo by various mouths between o° 22' and o° 37' S. and 17° 40' and 17° 50' E. The main channel, fully i m. wide, joins

... " malignant pustule," is frequently accompanied with severe constitutional disturbance, in the form of fever, delirium, perspirations, together with great prostration and a tendency to death from septicaemia, although on the other hand recovery is not uncommo ...

... ction of his nationality, was steadily trained, through centuries, to become an urban European, with all the parasitic activities of urban economics, and all the democratic tendencies of occidental industrialism. Excluded from the army, the land, the trade cor ...

... moneyed men (" Antwcrpia nummis "). Despite the ravages of war and internal disturbances it .si ill preserves some memorials of its early grandeur, notably its fine cathedral. This church was begun in the i-ith century, but not finished till 1518. Its tower of ...

... e that form of coma or deep state of unconsciousness which is due to sudden disturbance of the cerebral circulation occasioned by a local cause within the cranial cavity, as distinct from the loss of consciousness due to sudden failure of the heart's action (s ...

... a reputation as an orator. In 1878 he was employed by Ismail in fomenting a disturbance against the ministry of Nubar, Rivers Wilson and de Blignieres, and received in payment a wife from Ismail's harem and the command of a regiment. This increased his influen ...

... s. According to Sir H^ C. Rawlinson (Proc. Roy. Geog. Soc., March 1867) the disturbances which produced the present lake took place in the course of the middle ages; while Sir Roderick Murchison contended (Journ. of Roy. Geog. Soc., 1867, p. cxliv. &c.) that t ...

... ation for ornament and use. The profusion of trees and shrubs planted around suburban villas and country mansions, as well as in town squares and public parks, shows how much arboriculture is an object of pleasure to the people. While isolated trees and old he ...

... Delaware & Hudson, and the New York, Ontario & Western railways, and by an interurban electric line. It is about 900 ft. above sea-level; in the vicinity are extensive deposits of anthracite coal, the mining and breaking of which is the principal industry; sil ...

... rated in 1613, so remained until 1835. The administration is in the hands of an urban district council. Two miles W. of Armagh is Emain, Emania, or Navan Fort, with large entrenchments and mounds, the site of a royal palace of Ulster, founded by that Queen Mac ...

... 798); and Germanictu (1816), the performance of which was the occasion of a disturbance in the parterre which threatened serious political complications. His tragedies are perhaps less known now than his Fables (1813, 1815 and 1826), which are written in very ...

... ars since, in 1143, the Romans had rejected the temporal power of the pope. The urban nobles had set up a republic, which, under forms ostensibly modelled on antiquity (e.g. patriciate, senatus populusque romanus, &c.), concealed but clumsily a purely oligarch ...

... ooner or later peripheral neuritis develops, usually beginning with sensory disturbances, tingling, numbness, formication and occasionally cutaneous anaesthesia. Later the affected muscles become exquisitely tender, and then atrophy, while the knee-jerk or oth ...

... re is no rain at all in the summer. Pop. (1897) 1,005,460, of whom 132,383 were urban. The Kalmucks (138,580 in 1897) and Kirghiz (260,000) are semi-nomads. In addition to them the population includes nearly 44,000 Tatars, 4270 Armenians, with Poles and Jews. ...

... ronomers were only then beginning to study variable and periodic stars, and disturbances in that part of the heavens, which had till then, on the authority of Aristotle, been regarded as incorruptible, combined with the troubles of the times, must have given a ...

... ed, had become accelerated. A periodic character was thus indicated for the disturbance; and Laplace assigned its true cause in the near approach to commensurability in the periods of the two planets, the cycle of disturbance completing itself in about poo (mo ...

... colony. It appears to have furnished many recruits, especially for the cohortes urbanae. It appears but little in history, though its importance is vouched for by numerous inscriptions, the majority of which belong to the early Empire. (T. As.)

ATHERTON, or CHOWBENT, an urban district in the Leigh parliamentary division of Lancashire, England, 13 m. W.N.W. of Manchester on the London & North- Western and Lancashire & Yorkshire railways. Pop. (1901) 16,211. The cotton factories are the principal sourc ...

... a market-town of Co. Westmeath, Ireland, on both banks of the Shannon. Pop. of urban district (1901) 661 7. The urban district, under the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1900, is wholly in county Westmeath, but the same area is divided by the Shannon between t ...

... m. S.W. of Dublin on a branch of the Great Southern & Western railway. Pop. of urban district (1001) 3599. It is intersected by the river Barrow, which is here crossed by a bridge of five arches. The crossing of the river here was guarded and disputed from th ...

... ance, in the department of run on ilu- 1 inic, 30 m. N.W. of Kodcz. In 1906 the urban (Hipulation was ing, the communal population 0086. Aubin is the centre of important coal-mines worked in the middle ages, and also has iron-mines, the product of which suppli ...

... he Lehigh Valley and the New York Central & Hudson River railways, and by inter-urban electric lines. The city is attractively situated amidst a group of low hills in the heart of the lake country of western New York; the streets are wide, with a profusion of ...

... a pure form of civility to churchmen of modest rank. On the loth of June 1630, Urban VIII. confined the use of the titles Emintntuif and Eminentisfimi to the cardinals, to imperial electors, and to the master of the Hospital of St John of Jerusalem (order of ...

... N. of London Bridge, on the Great Northern and Great Eastern railways. Pop. of urban district, (1891) 31,536, (1901) 42,738. It is picturesquely situated on the western slope of the Lea valley, with a considerable extension towards the river, mainly consistin ...

... us, 25 m. W.N.W. from Limerick by the Great Southern & Western railway. Pop. of urban district (1901) 5093. It is the junction for the West Clare line. Ennis has breweries, distilleries and extensive flour-mills; and in the neighbourhood limestone is quarried. ...

... bove the Slaney, which here becomes navigable for barges of large size. Pop. of urban district (1901) 5458. It is 77$ m. S. by W. from Dublin by the Dublin & South-Eastern railway. There are breweries and flour-mills; tanning, distilling and woollen manufactur ...

... and, 17 m. N.N.E. from London by a branch of the Great Eastern railway. Pop. of urban district (1901), 3789. The town lies high and picturesquely, at the northern outskirts of Epping Forest. The modern church of St John the Baptist replaces the old parish chur ...

... mentary division of Surrey, England, 14 m. S.W. by S. of London Bridge. Pop. of urban district (1901), 10,915. It is served by the London & South- Western a.nd the London, Brighton & South Coast railways, and on the racecourse on the neighbouring Downs there i ...

... lves. In 1828 M. J. P. Flourens discovered that injury to the canals causes disturbance to the equilibrium and loss of co-ordination, and that sections of the canals produce a rotatory movement of a kind corresponding to the canal that had been divided. Thus d ...

... tem; crescit scribendo scribendi studium). Shortly after Froben's death the disturbances at Basel} occasioned by the zealots for the religious revolution which was in progress throughout Switzerland, began to make Erasmus desirous of changing his residence. He ...

... recognized as the ablest pleader in the colony, and, in 1872, was elected for Durban as a member of the legislative council, and subsequently was also placed on the executive council. In 1880 he secured the appointment of a harbour board for Natal, and was hi ...

... Sandown Park, where important race meetings are held. Esher is included in the urban district of Esher and The Dittons, of which Thames Ditton is a favourite riverside resort. The whole district is largely residential. Pop. (1901) 9489.

... he treaty of Lucknow. During the mutiny of 1857 it was the scene of serious disturbances, coupled with the usual anarchic quarrels among the native princes. In 1901 the population was 863,948, showing an increase of 23% in the decade due to the extension of ca ...

... ced in reducing it to orderly government. During the mutiny of 1857 serious disturbances occurred in Etawah, and the district was occupied by the rebels from June to December; order was not completely restored till the end of 1858. In 1901 the population %was ...

... s, opposite Windsor, within which parliamentary borough it is situated. Pop. of urban district (1901) 3301. It is famous for its college, the largest of the ancient Engtish public schools. The " King's College of Our Lady of Eton beside Windsor " was founded b ...