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VARNHAGEN VON ENSE, KARL AUGUST (1785-1858), German biographer, was born at Dusseldorf on the 2ist of February 1785. He studied medicine at Berlin, but devoted more attention to philosophy and literature, which he afterwards studied more thoroughly at Halle an ...

ARNETH. ALFRED. RITTER VON (1810-1807), Austrian historian, born at Vienna on the loth of July 1819, was the son of Joseph Calasanza von Arneth (1791-1863), a well-known historian and archaeologist, who wrote a history of the Austrian empire (Vienna, 1827) and ...

... ears of peace,and especially after a court quarrel (1725) and duel with General von Grumbkow, he devoted himself to the training of the Prussian army. The reputation it had gained in the wars of 1675 to 1713, though good, gave no hint of its coming glory, and ...

... h hands to the old forms of faith from which he floated away, this solitary, intense woman did as much as any one to form, by action and reaction, the mind and character of the young Emerson. In 1817 he entered Harvard College, and graduated in 1821. In schola ...

AUERSPERG, ANTON ALEXANDER, GRAF VON (1806-1876), Austrian poet, who wrote under the pseudonym of ANASTASIUS GRUN,wasbornon the nth of April 1806, at Laibach, the capital of the Austrian duchy of Carniola, and was head of the Thurn-amHart branch of the Carniol ...

ESCHENMAYER, ADAM KARL AUGUST VON (1768-1852), German philosopher and physicist, was born at Neuenburg in Wurttemberg in July 1768. After receiving his early education at the Caroline academy of Stuttgart, he entered the university of Tubingen, where he receiv ...

ESCHER VON DER LINTH. ARNOLD (1807-1872), Swiss geologist, the son of Hans Conrad Escher (1767-1823), was born at Zurich on the 8th of June 1807. In 1856 he became professor of geology at the Ecole Polytechnique at Zurich. His researches led him to be regarded ...

ESMARCH. JOHANNES FRIEDRICH AUGUST VON (18231008), German surgeon, was born at Tim n ing, in SchleswigHolstein, on the gth of January 1823. He studied at Kiel and Gbttingen, and in 1846 became B. R. K. von Langenbeck's assistant at the Kiel surgical hospital. ...

ETTINGSHAUSEN. CONSTANTIN. BARON VON (1826-1897), Austrian geologist and botanist, was born in Vienna on the i6th of June 1826. He graduated as a doctor of medicine in Vienna, and became in 1854 professor of botany and natural history at the medical and surgic ...

... earing cilia at their free extremities. Packed in among these are gland cells, sense cells, and cnidoblasts. The lastnamed are specially numerous on the tentacles and on some other regions of the body, and produce the well-known "thread cells," or nematocysts, ...

... 295). The activity of the Jews consequently manifested itself in a far more intense form in these countries than elsewhere. This was apparent even before the emancipations of 1848. Towards the middle of the iSth century, a limited number of wealthy f, Jews ha ...

... e doctrines of Pythagoras and adopted the ascetic habit of life in its fullest sense. He travelled through Asia and visited Nineveh, Babylon and India, imbibing the oriental mysticism of magi, Brahmans and gymnosophists. The narrative of his travels given by h ...

... st mystics — be addresses the hearer's conscience, which we might call (in one sense) the mystic element in every man — or better, perhaps, the prophetic. Can the positive grounds for a prophet's message be analysed and stated in terms of argument? If so, apol ...

... under JULIAN. applied in practice; and to we find " apostle " used in several tenses, once it emerges as a technical term. 1. In the Apostolic age itself, "apostle" often denotes simply an " envoy," commissioned by Jesus Christ to be a primary witness and pre ...

... ne during the sub-apostolic age, has led to its general use n a wide and vague sense. Conventionally, then, the title denotes the group of writings which, whether in date or in internal character, are regarded as )elonging to the main stream of the Church's te ...

... eating of the organisms of the Mediterranean. One is Fauna und Flora des Golfes von Neapel, the other Mittlteilungen aus der zoologisehen Station zu Neapel. The former consists of monographs in which special groups of animals and plants are most exhaustively t ...

... fore, itself requires explanation. In general, Aquinas maintained in different senses the real existence of universals ante rem, in re and post rem. The best modern edition of the works of Aquinas is that prepared at the expense of Leo XIII. (Rome, 1882-1901). ...

... es were over. The first letter he received, while in the lazaretto, was from A. von Humboldt; and this was the origin of a connexion which, in Arago's words, " lasted over forty years without a single cloud ever having troubled it." Through all these vicissitu ...

... and become without attaining the permanence of being. Knowledge resides not in sense but in reason, which, on the suggestion of sensations of changing individuals, apprehends, or (to be precise) is reminded of, real universal forms, and, by first ascending fro ...

... he Rhine, he was moved by the sight of the ruined castles along its banks to intense bitterness against France. The impressions of this journey he later described in Reisendurcheinen Theil Teulscklands, Ungarns, flattens und Frankreichs in den Jahren 1798 und ...

ARNIM, ELISABETH (BETTINA) VON (1785-1859), German authoress, sister of Klemens Brentano, was born at Frankforton-Main on the 4th of April 1785. After being educated at a convent school in Fritzlar, she lived for a while with her grandmother, the novelist, Sop ...

... system. Between the orbit of Neptune and the nearest star known to us is an immense void in which no bodies are yet known to exist, except comets. But although these sometimes wander to distances considerably beyond the orbit of Neptune, it is probable that t ...

... owards the west by Silurian and I >r-\ onian beds in regular succession — the Devonian being of the Old Red Sandstone type characteristic of the British Isles and of Northern Russia. Throughout, the dip is very low and the beds arc unaffected bv the Carpathian ...

... e is mentioned as head of several monasteries: St Peter, Mount Blandin and St Bavon at Ghent, St Servais at Maastricht, St Cloud near Paris, and Fontenelle near Rouen, and he also had charge of the church of St John the Baptist at Pavia. During the quarrels wh ...

... the spinal nerves. They consist of longitudinal columns, each composed of an immense number of " electric plates." The posterior end of the organ is positive, the anterior negative, and the current passes from the tail to the head. The maximum shock is given w ...

... that the attraction between the rubbed body and the test object is mutual. Otto von Guericke (1602-1686) constructed the first electrical machine with a revolving ball of sulphur (see ELECTRICAL MACHINE), and noticed that light objects were repelled after bein ...

... not imply that this energy is not real; it exists in potentiality only in the sense that it is stored away in some latent manner; but it can be drawn upon without limit for mechanical work. It is a fundamental result in dynamics that, if a body be projected v ...

... l of this character quoted in ordinary collections are epitaphs at all, in the sense of being intended for a particular occasion. Roman epitaphs, in contrast to those of the Greeks, contained, as a rule, nothing beyond a record of facts. The inscriptions on th ...

... g the violin under Joseph Bohm and Joseph Mayseder, and composition under Ignaz von Seyfried. At the age of sixteen he made a concert tour in south Germany, which established his reputation as a violinist of the highest promise. In 1832 he went to Paris, where ...

... number of heavens of varying degrees of blessedness is recognized (see F. B. Jevons, An Introduction to the History of Religion, chs. xxi. and xxii., 1902; and J. A. MacCulloch's Comparative Theology, xiv., 1902). (i) Confucius, though unwilling to discuss an ...

... scanty, vines and olives flourish. Owing to its extraordinary fertility it is dense y populated, having 930 inhabitants per sq. m. below 2600 ft., and 3056 inhabitants per sq. m. in the triangle between Catania, Nicolosi and Acireale. The next zone is the woo ...

... wing to the widespread delusion that objects found in Etruria were in the true sense products of native artists and indicative of native-grown culture. It is only recently, and not even yet completely, that the term " Etruscan" has been given up as the name fo ...

... and of the army in Hungary, on the recommendation of the veteran count Riidiger von Starhemberg, the defender of Vienna in 1683. It was about this time that Louis XIV. secretly offered him the baton of a marshal of France, with the government of Champagne whic ...

... ucasus must interpose a belt of almost unpeopled territory between the more condensed populations belonging undoubtedly to Asia and Europe respectively. Continuity of population would be an argument in favour of assigning the whole of the Urals to Europe, but ...

... g a strict monastic life after the Eastern model (see Ambrose, Ep. 63 ad Vercellenses, § 66). The legend that he was stoned to death by the Arians was probably invented for the edification of the Orthodox. EUSEBIUS, bishop of Samosata (d. 380), played a consid ...

... affinity to Tubipora. The Favositidae, a fossil, family from the Silurian and Devonian, have a massive corallum composed of numerous polygonal corallites closely packed together. The cavities of adjacent corallites communicate by means of numerous perforations ...

... The dogmas of Islam are not copious, and the attributes of God are the chief 1 Von Kremer, Gesch. d. herrschenden Ideen d. Islams, p. 464 (Leipzig, 1868). subject taken up. They are demonstrated by scholastic dialectic, and at the end of his second year the s ...

... wards the close of the century that a permanent building was constructed and licensed for dramatic representations, under the management of Shakespeare and Burbage. The first building specially erected in London for dramatic purposes was built in 1576-77 by th ...

... urin, 1847). The commentaries on the Pauline epistles (Pitra, Spicitegium Soiesmense, Paris, 1852, i. 49 seq.) have been edited by H. B. Swete (Theod. Mops, in Epp. B. Pculi Comm., i., ii., Cambridge, 1880-82), along with the Greek fragments and the fragments ...

... he earlier part he used Widukind's Res gestae Saxonicae, the Annales Quedlinburgenses and other sources; the latter part is the result of personal knowledge. It is rough in form and the author shows no power of discriminating _ between important and unimportan ...