{"article":{"id":"britannica-11-anville","work_id":"britannica-11","title":"Anville","normalized_title":"anville","slug":"anville","aliases":[],"subtitle":"Internet Archive OCR import","body_text":"ANVILLE, JEAN BAPTISTS BOURGUIGNON D' (16971782), perhaps the greatest geographical author of the i8th century, was born at Paris on the 1 1 th of July 1697. His passion for geographical research displayed itself from early years: at the age of twelve he was already amusing himself by drawing maps for Latin authors. Later, his friendship with the antiquarian, Abbe Longuerue, greatly aided his studies. His first serious map, that of Ancient Greece, was published when he was fifteen, and at the age of twenty-two he was appointed one of the king's geographers, and began to attract the attention of the first authorities. D'Anville's studies embraced everything of geographical nature in the world's literature, as far as he could master it: for this purpose he not only searched ancient and modern historians, travellers and narrators of every description, but also poets, orators and philosophers. One of his cherished objects was to reform geography by putting an end to the blind copying of older maps, by testing the commonly accepted positions of places through a rigorous examination of all the descriptive authority, and by excluding from cartography every name inadequately supported. Vast spaces, which had before been covered with countries and cities, were thus suddenly reduced almost to a blank. D ' An ville was at first employed in the humbler task of illustrating by maps the works of different travellers, such as Marchais. Charlevoix, Labat and Duhalde. For the history of China by the last-named writer he was employed to make an atlas, which was published separately at the Hague in 1737. In i73$and 1736 he brought out two treatises on the figure of the earth; but these attempts to solve geometrical problems by literary material were, to a great extent, refuted by Maupertuis' measurements of a degree within the polar circle. D'Anville's historical method was more successful in his 1 743 map of Italy, which first indicated numerous errors in the mapping of that country, and was accompanied by a valuable memoir (a novelty in such work), showing ANWARI^APALACHICOLA in full the sources of the design. A trigonometrical survey which Benedict XIV. soon after had made in the papal states strikingly confirmed the French geographer's results. In his later years d'Anville did yeoman service for ancient and medieval geography, accomplishing something like a revolution in the former; mapping afresh ah1 the chief countries of the pre-Christian civilizations (especially Egypt), and by his Memoire et abrege de giographie ancienne et generate and his Etats jormls en Europe apres la chute de I' empire remain en accident (1771) rendering his labours still more generally useful. In 1754, at the age of fiftyseven, he became a member of the Academic des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, whose transactions he enriched with many papers. In 1775 he received the only place in the Academic des Sciences which is allotted to geography; and in the same year he was appointed, without solicitation, first geographer to the king. His last employment consisted in arranging his collection of maps, plans and geographical materials. It was the most •extensive in Europe, and had been purchased by the king, who, however, left him the use of it during his life. This task performed, he sank into a total imbecility both of mind and body, which continued for two years, till his death in January 1782. D'Anville's published memoirs and dissertations amounted to 78, and his maps to 211. A complete edition of his works was announced in 1806 by de Manne in 6 vols. quarto, only two of which had appeared when the editor died in 1832. See Dacier's A'/niy de d'Anville (Paris, 1802). Besides the separate works noticed above, d'Anyille's maps executed for Rollin's Histoire ancienne and Histoire romaine, and his Traite des mesures anciennes et modernes (1769), deserve special notice. ANWARI [Auhad-uddin Ah' Anwari], Persian poet, was born in Khorasan early in the I2th century. He enjoyed the especial favour of the sultan Sinjar, whom he attended in all his warlike expeditions. On one occasion, when the sultan was besieging the fortress of Hazarasp, a fierce poetical conflict was maintained between Anwari and his rival Rashidi, who was within the beleaguered castle, by means of verses fastened to arrows. Anwari died at Balkh towards the end of the 1 2th century. The Diwan, or collection of his poems, consists of a series of long poems, and a number of simpler lyrics. His longest piece, The Tears of Khorassan, was translated into English verse by Captain Kirkpatrick (see also PERSIA: Literature).","body_html":"

ANVILLE, JEAN BAPTISTS BOURGUIGNON D' (16971782), perhaps the greatest geographical author of the i8th century, was born at Paris on the 1 1 th of July 1697. His passion for geographical research displayed itself from early years: at the age of twelve he was already amusing himself by drawing maps for Latin authors. Later, his friendship with the antiquarian, Abbe Longuerue, greatly aided his studies. His first serious map, that of Ancient Greece, was published when he was fifteen, and at the age of twenty-two he was appointed one of the king's geographers, and began to attract the attention of the first authorities. D'Anville's studies embraced everything of geographical nature in the world's literature, as far as he could master it: for this purpose he not only searched ancient and modern historians, travellers and narrators of every description, but also poets, orators and philosophers. One of his cherished objects was to reform geography by putting an end to the blind copying of older maps, by testing the commonly accepted positions of places through a rigorous examination of all the descriptive authority, and by excluding from cartography every name inadequately supported.

\n

Vast spaces, which had before been covered with countries and cities, were thus suddenly reduced almost to a blank. D ' An ville was at first employed in the humbler task of illustrating by maps the works of different travellers, such as Marchais. Charlevoix, Labat and Duhalde. For the history of China by the last-named writer he was employed to make an atlas, which was published separately at the Hague in 1737. In i73$and 1736 he brought out two treatises on the figure of the earth; but these attempts to solve geometrical problems by literary material were, to a great extent, refuted by Maupertuis' measurements of a degree within the polar circle. D'Anville's historical method was more successful in his 1 743 map of Italy, which first indicated numerous errors in the mapping of that country, and was accompanied by a valuable memoir (a novelty in such work), showing ANWARI^APALACHICOLA in full the sources of the design. A trigonometrical survey which Benedict XIV. soon after had made in the papal states strikingly confirmed the French geographer's results.

\n

In his later years d'Anville did yeoman service for ancient and medieval geography, accomplishing something like a revolution in the former; mapping afresh ah1 the chief countries of the pre-Christian civilizations (especially Egypt), and by his Memoire et abrege de giographie ancienne et generate and his Etats jormls en Europe apres la chute de I' empire remain en accident (1771) rendering his labours still more generally useful. In 1754, at the age of fiftyseven, he became a member of the Academic des Inscriptions et Belles Lettres, whose transactions he enriched with many papers. In 1775 he received the only place in the Academic des Sciences which is allotted to geography; and in the same year he was appointed, without solicitation, first geographer to the king. His last employment consisted in arranging his collection of maps, plans and geographical materials. It was the most •extensive in Europe, and had been purchased by the king, who, however, left him the use of it during his life. This task performed, he sank into a total imbecility both of mind and body, which continued for two years, till his death in January 1782. D'Anville's published memoirs and dissertations amounted to 78, and his maps to 211.

\n

A complete edition of his works was announced in 1806 by de Manne in 6 vols. quarto, only two of which had appeared when the editor died in 1832. See Dacier's A'/niy de d'Anville (Paris, 1802). Besides the separate works noticed above, d'Anyille's maps executed for Rollin's Histoire ancienne and Histoire romaine, and his Traite des mesures anciennes et modernes (1769), deserve special notice. ANWARI [Auhad-uddin Ah' Anwari], Persian poet, was born in Khorasan early in the I2th century. He enjoyed the especial favour of the sultan Sinjar, whom he attended in all his warlike expeditions. On one occasion, when the sultan was besieging the fortress of Hazarasp, a fierce poetical conflict was maintained between Anwari and his rival Rashidi, who was within the beleaguered castle, by means of verses fastened to arrows. Anwari died at Balkh towards the end of the 1 2th century. The Diwan, or collection of his poems, consists of a series of long poems, and a number of simpler lyrics. His longest piece, The Tears of Khorassan, was translated into English verse by Captain Kirkpatrick (see also PERSIA: Literature).

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