Eustathius

EUSTATHIUS, of Antioch, sometimes styled " the Great " (fl. 325), was a native of Side in Pamphylia. About 320 he was bishop of Beroea, and he was patriarch of Antioch before the council of Nicaea in 325. In that assembly he distinguished himself by his zeal against the Arians, though the Allocutio ad Imperatorem with which he has been credited is hardly genuine. His anti-Arian polemic against Euscbius of Caesarea made him unpopular among his fellow-bishops in the East, and a synod convened at Antioch in 330 passed a sentence of deposition, which was confirmed by the emperor. He was banished to Trajanopolis in Thrace, where he died, probably about 337, though possibly not till 360. The only complete work by Eustathius now extant is the De E*t<utrimytko contra Origenem (ed. by A. Jahn in Texte und Untertntkungen, ii. 4). Other fragments are enumerated by F. Loots in Herzog-Hauck's RtalencyUopadie. EUSTATHIUS, or EUMATHIUS, surnamed Macrembolites (" living near the long bazaar "), the last of the Greek romance writers, flourished in the second half of the 12th century A.D.

His title Protonobilissimus shows him to have been a person of distinction, and if he is also correctly described in the MSS. as jifryot xapro^Xai (chief keeper of the ecclesiastical archives), he must have been a Christian. He was the author of The Story ofHysmine and Hysminias, in eleven books, a tedious and inferior imitation of the Cleilophon and Leitcippe of Achilles Tatius. There is nothing original in the plot, and the work is tasteless and often coarse. Although the author borrowed from Homer and other Attic poets, the chief source of his phraseology was the rhetorician Choricius of Gaza. The style is remarkable for the absence of hiatus and an extremely laboured use of antithesis. The digressions on works of art, apparently the result of personal observation, are the best pan of the work. A collection of eleven Rtidlrs, of which solutions were written by the grammarian Manuel Holobolos, is also attributed to Eustathius. The best edition of both romance and riddles is by I. Hilberg (1876, who fixes the date of Eustathius between 850 and 988), with critical apparatus and prolegomena, intruding the solutions; of the Riddles alone by M. Treu (1893). On Eustathius generally, see J. C.

Dunlop, History of Fiction (1888, new ed. in Bonn's Standard Liorory); t. Rohde, Der griechische Roman (1900); K. Krumbacher, Geschichte der bytantinischen Litteratur (1897). There are many translations in modern languages, of which that by P. le Bas (1835) may be recommended ; there is an English version from the French by L. H. le Moine (London and Paris, 1788). EUSTATHIUS, archbishop of Thessalonica, Byzantine scholar and author (probably a native of Constantinople), flourished during the second half of the izth century. He was at first a monk, and afterwards deacon of St Sophia and teacher of rhetoric in his native city. In 1174 he was chosen bishop of Myra in Lycia, but in 1175 was transferred to Thessalonica. He was outspoken and independent, and did not hesitate to oppose the emperor Manuel, when the latter desired an alteration in the formula of abjuration necessary for converts from Mahommedanism. In 1185, when Thessalonica was captured by the Normans under William II. of Sicily, Eustathius secured religious toleration for the conquered. He died about 1193.

His best known work is his Commentary on the Iliad and Odyssey of Homer (rapcx^oXoi. critical compilations), valuable as containing numerous extracts from the scholia of other critics, whose works have now perished. He also wrote a commentary on the geographical epic of Dionysius Periegetes, in which much of Stephanus of Byzantium and the lost writings of Arrian is preserved. A commentary on Pindar has been lost, with the exception of the preface, which contains an essay on lyric poetry, a life of Pindar, and an account of the Olympic games. A history of the conquest of Thessalonica by the Normans, a congratulatory address to the emperor Manuel, a plea for an improved watersupply for Constantinople, and an extensive correspondence with clerical and lay dignitaries, are evidence of his versatility. He is also the author of various religious works, chiefly directed against the prevailing abuses of his time, which almost anticipate, though in a milder form, the denunciations of Luther; the most important of these is The Reform of Monastic Life. A commentary on the pcntccostal hymn of John of Damascus may also be mentioned. Editions: Homer Commentary, by G. Stallbaum (1825-1830}; preface^ to Pindar Commentary, by F. W.

Schncidewin (1837); pionysius Commentary in C. W. Muller, Geographies Graeci minores, ii.; pentecostal hymn, in A. Mai, Spicilegium Romanum, v. 2 (1841). The smaller works have been edited (1832) and the De Thessalonica (1839) by L. F. Tafel; many will be found in J. P. Mignc, Patrolotia Graeca, cxxxv., cxxxvi. Five new speeches have been edited Dy W. Hegel, Fontes rerum Byzantinarum, i. (1892).