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ARAMAIC LANGUAGES, a class of languages so called from Aram, a geographical term, which in old Semitic usage designates nearly the same districts as the Greek word Syria. Aram, however, does not include Palestine, while it comprehends Mesopotamia (Heb. Aram of ...

... Ihe soul and Ihe breath; this identification is found both in Aryan and Semitic languages; in Latin we have spiritus, in Greek pncuma, in Hebrew ranch; and Ihe idea is found exlending downwards to the lowest planes of culture in Australia. America and Asia. Fo ...

ANKLE, or ANCLE (a word common, in various forms, to Teutonic languages, probably connected in origin with the Lat. angulus, or Gr. &.yicv\os, bent), the joint which connects the foot with the leg (see JOINTS).

... a. He was a man of great talents and spoke and wrote many Oriental and European languages. Though a foreigner, he soon acquired a thorough knowledge of Rumanian, and was instrumental in helping to introduce that language into the church as its official languag ...

... entitled a Comparative Lexicon of the English, Latin, Greek, Hebrew and Celtic Languages. He was undoubtedly an original philologist, who realized, "what was then not yet admitted by scholars, the affinity of the Celtic language to the other languages of Euro ...

... vols. 1889 and 1894). Next he concentrated his efforts upon the field of Celtic languages, literature and law, in which he soon became an authority. Appointed in 1882 to the newly founded professorial chair of Celtic at the College de France, he began the Cows ...

ARK (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Arche, adapted from the Lat. area, chest, cf. arcere, to shut up, enclose), a chest, basket or box. The Hebrew word tebah, translated in the A.V. by " ark," is used in the Old Testament (i) of the box made of ...

... pelled him to return to Germany and, under the disguise of " Almann, teacher of languages," he reached Berlin in December 1809. In 1810 he returned to Greifswald, but only for a few months. He again set out on his adventurous travels, lived in close contact wi ...

... excludes all actions of instinct from the genus Art, whereas usage has in more languages than one given the name of Art to several of those ingenuities in the lower animals which popular theory at the same time declares to be instinctive. Dante, for instance, ...

... ler especially it was employed as a convenient short term for the whole body of languages more commonly known as IndoEuropean (q.v.) or Indo-Germanic. In the same way Max Miiller used Aryas as a general term for the speakers of such languages, as in his book p ...

... wretched. The influence of a particular planet has also left traces in various languages; but the French and English jovial and the English saturnine correspond rather to the gods who served as types in chiromancy than to the planets which bear the same names ...

... sle of Seven Cities, and St Brendan's island, the subject of many sagas in many languages. These, which are described in separate articles, helped to maintain the tradition of an earthly paradise which had become associated with the myth of Atlantis; and all e ...

... e instruction is given in German ; in 26 % in Czech ; in 28 % in other Slavonic languages, and in the remainder in Italian, Rumanian or Magyar. In 1903 there were in Austria 20,268 elementary schools with 78,025 teachers, frequented by 3,618,837 pupils, which ...

... tus, but, although these variations were largely used in the English and French languages, the form Einhardus, or Einhartus, is unquestionably the right one. According to the statement of Walafrid Strabo, Einhard was born in the district which is watered by th ...

... va " and Mite Kremnitz, and others have also been translated into several other languages. Eminescu also wrote two short novels, real poems in prose (Jassy, 1890). (M. G.)

... g is a part of iconography, and various histories of the art exist in different languages. In England W. Y. Ottley wrote an Early History of Engraving, published in two volumes 4to (1816), and began what was intended to be a series of notices on engravers and ...

... of these has a very considerable force, it being admitted on all hands that few languages are in themselves so suitable for the purpose; the second is outweighed by considerations that had considerable force in Dr Johnson's time, and have acquired more since. ...

... e Holy Spirit, as well as that of others who, disregarding all knowledge of the languages, would explain words by things. The " analogy of faith," as a rule of interpretation, he greatly limits, and teaches that it can never afford of itself the explanation of ...

... ook the degree of master of arts. By the advice of Scaliger he studied Oriental languages whilst taking his course of theology. He afterwards travelled in England, France, Italy and Germany, forming connexions with learned men, and availing himself of the info ...

... difference is only that of dialect. It differs from the whole group of European languages, not merely in the sound of the words, but more especially, according to Rink, in the construction. Its most remarkable feature is that a sentence of a European language ...

... ter edition having been called for, and they have been translated into numerous languages, the English version being the work of H.R.H. Princess Christian. No ambulance course would be complete without a demonstration of the Esmarch bandage. It is a three-side ...

... l human races are of one species and one family." It has been argued that stock languages imply stock races, but this assumption is untenable. There are some fifty irreducible stock languages in the United States and Canada, yet, taking into consideration the ...

... riod of the Ptolemies. At least one Etruscan suffix has passed into the Romance languages, -i6a or -ita in Etr. lautniOa (from laulni " familiaris," or " libertus "), and Etr.-Lat. lulitta, which became Ital. -etta, Fi.-Eng.-elte. 3. Finally must be mentioned ...

... lly those which regulate the mutual relation of consonants in the various Aryan languages, at the same time comparing the vowel sounds. (4) In comparing two words, A and B, belonging to the same language, of which A contains the lesser number of syllables, A m ...

... s, vols. i.-iii. (Cambridge, 1908). Of translations of the Elements into modern languages the number is very large. The first English translation, published at London in 1570, has the title, The Elements of Ceometrie of the most auncient Philosopher Euclide of ...

... a lime peculiar to such peoples. The utmost that can be said is that the Aryan languages must in their earliest forms have spread from some geographical centre. That centre, however, is no longer sought for in Asia, but in some part of Europe, so that we can ...

... by Djarian, Venice, 1877), and Latin, and has been translated into many modern languages, the latest English version being that of McGinert, in the Ntcene and Post-Nicene Fathers, second scries, volume i. (New York, 1890). Of the Chronicle, the best edition i ...

... hte der bytantinischen Litteratur (1897). There are many translations in modern languages, of which that by P. le Bas (1835) may be recommended ; there is an English version from the French by L. H. le Moine (London and Paris, 1788). EUSTATHIUS, archbishop of ...

... the function of the relative particles in Egyptian and Semitic; and the Berber languages possess a relative form of the verb. Participles. — These are active and passive, perfect and imperfect, in the old language, but all are replaced by periphrases in Copti ...

... cain tel qu'il a ete perfect-tonne en Amerique (1838), was translated into many languages and was very popular in Europe. After his death his wife lived in what is still known as the Murat Homestead, about 2 m. W. of Tallahassee, and after the American Civil W ...

... gious-legal decisions developing the laws of the Old Testament, and the Gemara (Aramaic " completion, decision," or perhaps also " teaching "), supplementary material, legal and otherwise.1 The whole was in two great recensions, Palestinian and Babylonian. Oth ...

... nts are farmers, and rice is the principal crop. Pangasinan and Ilocano are the languages spoken.

... ying or weeping (see EYE). The O.E tear, taer, is represented in other Teutonic languages by Dan. taar; Swed. tar; Goth, lagr, &c. The O.H.G. was zahar; the mod. Ger. Ziihre was formed from the M.H.G. plural Zahere. The commoner word in Ger. Throne, cf. Du. tr ...

... to lecture at the Miinster Academy on the philology of the English and Romance languages. In 1870 he became professor of modern languages at Marburg, and after the reconstitution of Strassburg University was appointed professor of English there in 1873. In 18 ...

... ng dignity and force in these complicated chains of verse made writers in other languages very anxious to adventure on terza rima. In the age of Elizabeth, Samuel Daniel employed it in his " Epistle to the Countess of Bedford," but he found no followers. Proba ...

THATCH (O.E. lhaec; the word is common to many Teutonic languages in the sense of " roof," " cover "; cf. Du. dak, Ger. Dock; from Du. dekken comes " deck "; the Indo-European root is stag, whence Gr. ffrcyos, roof, Lat. tegere, to cover; the French equivalent ...

... d Testament Theology Comparative Theology, Natural Theology, the word in modern languages means the theology of the Christian Church. What follows here will be confined to that subject. While the word points to God as the special theme of the theologian, other ...

... early distinguished himself by great versatility of mind and power of acquiring languages. A love of Oriental languages and literature led him to exchange the university of Breslau for that of Berlin, that he might study to greater advantage, and there he was ...

... zeal and power for work were as extraordinary as his vast knowledge of ancient languages, peoples and religions, upon which his researches, according to F. Max Miiller, have shed a new and vivid light. With Abraham Kuenen and J. H. Scholten, amongst others, h ...

... ly in consequence of this feeling, he determined to enter the school of Eastern languages. His first attempt was unsuccessful, but finally passing in through the medium of a supplemental examination, he took up Arabic and Turkish. These studies, however, prove ...