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ARCH, JOSEPH (1826- ), English politician, founder of the National Agricultural Labourers' Union, was born at Barford, a village in Warwickshire, on the loth of November 1826. His parents belonged to the labouring class. He inherited a strong sentiment of inde ...

ARCH YT AS (c. 428-347 B.C.), of Tarentum, Greek philosopher and scientist of the Pythagorean school, famous as the intimate friend of Plato, was the son of Mnesagoras or Histiaeus. Equally distinguishedin natural science,philosophyand the administration of ci ...

ARCHON (apxuv, ruler), the title of the highest magistrate in many ancient Greek states. It is only in Athens that we have any detailed knowledge of the office, and even in this one case the evidence presents problems of the first importance which are incapabl ...

ARCHIVE (Lat. archivum, a transliteration of Gr. frpxtlov, an official building), a term (generally used in the plural " archives "), properly denoting the building in which are kept the records, charters and other papers belonging to any state, community or f ...

... of burial-furniture, and suspect an intruding race. In this particular respect, archaeology owes a signal debt to physical anthropology and to anthropological methods in general. The combination of the two is far more likely to lead to a reasonable and satisfa ...

ARCHAISM (adj. "archaic"; from Gr. ap\alos, old), an old-fashioned usage, or the deliberate employment of an out-ofdate and ancient mode of expression.

ARCHANGEL (ARCHANGELSK), a government of European Russia, bounded N. by the White Sea and Arctic Ocean, W. by Finland and Olonets, S. by Vologda, and E. by the Ural mountains. It comprehends the islands of Novaya-Zemlya, Vaygach and Kolguev, and the peninsula ...

ARCHBALD, a borough of Lackawanna county, Pennsylvania, U.S.A., in the N.E. part of the state, 10 m. N.E. of Scranton. Pop. (1890) 4032; (1900) 5396; (1869 foreign-born); (1910) 7194. It is served by the Delaware & Hudson, and the New York, Ontario & Western r ...

ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. dpxieirtcrKOTros) , in the Christian Church, the title of a bishop of superior rank, implying usually jurisdiction over other bishops, but no superiority of order over them. The functions of the archbishop, as at prese ...

ARCHCHANCELLOR (Lat. Archicancellarius; Ger. Erzkanzler), or chief chancellor, a title given to the highest dignitary of the Holy Roman Empire, and also used occasionally during the middle ages to denote an official who supervised the work of chancellors or no ...

ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, sth earl of Argyll (1530-' 573). was the elder son of Archibald, 4th earl of Argyll (d. 1558), and a grandson of Colin, the 3rd earl (d. 1530). His great-grandfather was the 2nd earl, Archibald, who was killed at Flodden in 1513, and this n ...

ARCHIBALD DOUGLAS, 5th earl of Angus (c. MSO-C. 1514), the famous " Bell the Cat," was born about 1450 and succeeded his father, George the 4th earl, in 1462 or 1463. In 1481 he was made warden of the east marches, but the next year he joined the league agains ...

... eometrical patterns similar to those found by Loftus at Warka. The American researches at Nippur have resulted in the discovery on the top of the mounds of the remains of a Parthian palace; and the disposition of its plan (fig. 20), and the style of the column ...

ARCHITRAVE (from Lat. arcus, an arch, and trabs, trabem, a beam), an architectural term for the chief beam which carries the superstructure and rests immediately on the columns. In the ordinary entablature it is the lowest of the three divisions, the other two ...

ARCHIVOLT (from Lat. arcus, an arch, and volta, a vault), an architectural term applied to the mouldings of an architrave, when carried round an arched opening.

ARCHPRIEST (Lat. archipresbyter, Gr. apx«rpe<r|3iiTepos), in the Christian Church, originally the title of the chief of the priests in a diocese. The office appears as early as the 4th century as that of the priest who presided over the presbyters of the dioce ...

EPARCH, an official, a governor of a province of Roman Greece, «rapx°s> whose title was equivalent to, or represented that of the Roman praefectus. The area of his administration was called an eparchy (errapxta). The term survives as one of the administrative ...

... mewhat heavy flanking towers dates from the i7th century, and is Greco-Roman in architecture. Sainte-Marie contains many artistic treasures, the chief of which are the magnificent stained-glass windows of the Renaissance which light the apsidal chapels, and th ...

ARACHNE. in Greek mythology, the daughter of Idmon of Colophon in Lydia, a dyer in purple. She had acquired such skill in the art of weaving that she ventured to challenge Athena. While the goddess took as subjects her quarrel with Poseidon as to the naming an

... tions with the natives, who reported that the country was subject to a great monarch, Mwani Congo or lord of Congo, resident at Bonza Congo. The Portuguese were not long in making themselves influential in the country. Goncalo de Sousa was despatched on a form ...

... Francois de Balzac, marquis d'Entragues, and one of her daughters, Henriette, marchioness of Verneuil, afterwards became the mistress of Henry IV. Charles of Valois, was carefully educated, and was destined for the order of Malta. At the early age of sixteen ...

... ften dark and narrow, and, apart from the cathedral and the hotol de ville, the architecture is of little interest. The cathedral of St Pierre (see CATHEDRAL), a church in the Byzantine- Romanesque style, dates from the nth and 1 2th centuries, but has undergo ...

... sful defence against the Miguelist party), the former capital of the Portuguese archipelago of the Azores, and chief town of an administrative district, comprising the islands of Terceira, St George and Graciosa. Pop. (1000) 10,788. Angra is built on the south ...

... concerned with the conduction of heat and with spectroscopy. In his optical researches, Optiska Undersokningar, presented to the Stockholm Academy in 1853, he not only pointed out that the electric spark yields two superposed spectra, one from the metal of the ...

... e de Montmorency, at Moulins. To Michel are due the sculptures of the triumphal arch at the Porte St Denis, begun in 1674, to serve as a memorial for the conquests of Louis XIV. A marble group of the Nativity in the church of Val de Grace was reckoned his mast ...

... oner at Homildon Hill and died in England. The 5th earl was his great-grandson. ARCHIBALD DOUGLAS, 5th earl of Angus (c. MSO-C. 1514), the famous " Bell the Cat," was born about 1450 and succeeded his father, George the 4th earl, in 1462 or 1463. In 1481 he wa ...

... ember 1859 and subsequently modified by various decrees, is a constitutional monarchy. The duke, who bears the title of " Highness," wields the executive power while sharing the legislation with the estates. The diet (Landtag) is composed of thirty-six members ...

... rrounded by a double wall partly in •uins, and amongst the remains are a " patriarchal " church inished in 1010, two other churches, both of the nth century, a fourth built in 1215, and a palace of large size. See Brosset, Let Ruines d'Ani (1860-1861).

... ifferent. The animal body, if it be composed of many cells, follows a different architectural plan; the compact nature of its food, and the yielding nature of its cell-walls, result in a form of structure consisting essentially of tubular or spherical masses o ...

... Madagascar. For the serpent, see Ellis, Ewe-speaking Peoples, p. 54; Internal. Archiv, xvii. 113; Tylor, Primitive Culture, li. 239; Fergusson, Tree and Serpent Worship; Mahly, Die Schlange im Mythus; Staniland Wake, Serpent Worship, &c.; i6th Annual Report o ...

... A. Willcen, Hel Animismr; Koch on the animism of S. America in Internationales Archiv. xiii., Suppl.; Andrew Lang, Making of Religion; Slceat, Malay Magic; Sir G. Campbell, "Spirit Basis of Belief and Custom," in Indian Antiquary, xxiii. and succeeding volume ...

... tion, and would be a great work but for a roughness which is more careless than archaic.

... veral, private as well as public, that are of a quaint and picturesque style of architecture. The church of St Mary (i2th century) has a modern tower, 335 ft. high. The industries consist of iron-foundries and factories for sugar and soap; and there is a milit ...

ANTAE (a Lat. plural word, possibly from anU, before), an architectural term given to slightly projecting pilaster strips which terminate the winged walls of the naos of a Greek temple. They owe their origin to the vertical posts of timber employed in the prim ...

... k, the whole city has been rebuilt and now contains numerous structures of some architectural pretension, the royal palaces, the houses formerly belonging to the prime minister and nobles, the French residency, the Anglican and Roman Catholic cathedrals, sever ...

... of Eumares, has been shown to belong to one of the dedicated female figures of archaic style which have been found on the Acropolis of Athens. See GREEK ART ; and E. A. Gardner's Handbook of Greek Sculpture, i. p. 182. ANTENOR, in Greek legend, one of the wis ...

... ed by art. Besides several interesting churches and palaces, it contains a fine arch, erected in 1595 in honour of Philip II., and partly constructed of inscribed Roman masonry. In the eastern suburbs there is one of the largest grave-mounds in Spain, said to ...

ANTHEM I US, Greek mathematician and architect, who produced, under the patronage of Justinian (A.O. 532), the original and daring plans for the church of St Sophia in Constantinople, which strikingly displayed at once his knowledge and his ignorance. He was o ...

... annually for three days ( 1 1 th-i 3th) in the month of Anthesterion (February-March). The object of the festival was to celebrate the maturing of the wine stored at the previous vintage, and the beginning of spring. On the first day, called Pithoigia (opening ...