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ARCH YT AS (c. 428-347 B.C.), of Tarentum, Greek philosopher and scientist of the Pythagorean school, famous as the intimate friend of Plato, was the son of Mnesagoras or Histiaeus. Equally distinguishedin natural science,philosophyand the administration of ci ...

ARCH, JOSEPH (1826- ), English politician, founder of the National Agricultural Labourers' Union, was born at Barford, a village in Warwickshire, on the loth of November 1826. His parents belonged to the labouring class. He inherited a strong sentiment of inde ...

ANGOLA, the general name of the Portuguese possessions on the west coast of Africa south of the equator. With the exception of the enclave of Kabinda (q.v.) the province lies wholly south of the river Congo. Bounded on the W. by the Atlantic Ocean, it extends ...

ANGUS, EARLS OP. Angus was one of the seven original earldoms of the Pictish kingdom of Scotland, said to have been occupied by seven brothers of whom Angus was the eldest. The Critic line ended with Matilda (fl. 1240), countess of Angus in her own right, who ...

ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul), a term first used as a noun or adjective to denote a living thing, but now used to designate one branch of living things as opposed to the other branch known as plants. Until the discovery of protoplasm, and th ...

... ng facts ranging from the worship of the real divine animal, commonly conceived as a " god-body," at one end of the scale, to respect for the bones of a slain animal or even the use of a respectful name for the living animal at the other end. Added to this, in ...

... sm, the doctrine that a great part, if not the whole, of the inanimate kingdom, as well at all animated beings, are endowed with reason, intelligence and volition, identical with that of man. This latter theory, which in many cases is equivalent to personifica ...

ANTENOR, an Athenian sculptor, of the latter part of the 6th century B.C. He was the author of the group of the tyrannicides Harmodius and Aristogeiton, set up by the Athenians on the expulsion of the Peisistratidae, and carried away to Persia by Xerxes. A bas ...

... annually for three days ( 1 1 th-i 3th) in the month of Anthesterion (February-March). The object of the festival was to celebrate the maturing of the wine stored at the previous vintage, and the beginning of spring. On the first day, called Pithoigia (opening ...

... ical struggles of the concluding quarter of the igth century an important part was played by a religious, political and social agitation against the Jews, known as " Anti-Semitism." The origins of this remarkable movement already threaten to become obscured by ...

ANTONINUS, SAINT [ANTONIO PIEROZZI, also called DE FORCIGLIONI] (1389-1459), archbishop of Florence, was born at that city on the ist of March 1389. He entered the Dominican order in his i6th year, and was soon entrusted, in spite of his youth, with the govern ...

ANTRIM THE IBERIAN, a notable figure in the ecclesiastical history of Rumania. A Georgian by birth, he came to Rumania early in the second half of the iyth century, as a simple monk. He became bishop of Ramnicu in 1705, and in 1708 archbishop of Walachia. Taki ...

... N D' (16971782), perhaps the greatest geographical author of the i8th century, was born at Paris on the 1 1 th of July 1697. His passion for geographical research displayed itself from early years: at the age of twelve he was already amusing himself by drawing ...

... an Ajax struck by lightning. APOLLODORUS, an Athenian grammarian, pupil of Aristarchus and Panaetius the Stoic, who lived about 140 B.C. He was a prolific and versatile writer. There is extant under his name a treatise on the gods and the heroic age, entitled ...

APOSTLE (aw6(rTO\os, one sent forth on a mission, an envoy, as in Is. xviii. 2; Symmachus, a.iro<jTt\\tiv cbrocrToXow; Aquila, irpetr/Seuras), a technical term used in the New Testament and in Christian literature generally for a special envoy of Jesus Christ. ...

... aLtav ifiaubvov rt ical ToXirou. Ka0oXun) Si<5aa/caXia), a collection of ecclesiastical regulations in eight books, the last of which concludes with the eighty-five Canons of the Holy Apostles. By their title the Constitutions profess to have been drawn up by ...

... ere his medicines were kept, now obsolete in its original sense. An apothecary was one who prepared, sold and prescribed drugs, but the preparing and selling of drugs prescribed by others has now passed into the hands of duly qualified and authorized persons t ...

... e a god, to deify), literally deification. The term properly implies a clear polytheistic conception of gods in contrast with men, while it recognizes that some men cross the dividing line. It is characteristic of polytheism to blur that line in several ways. ...

... roblems in marine botany and zoology, but have also attained an economic value, as offering the] best opportunities for that study of the habits and environment of marketable food-fish without which no steps for the improvement of sea-fisheries can be safely t ...

AQUINAS, THOMAS [THOMAS OF AQUIN or AQUINO], (c 12271274), scholastic philosopher, known as Doctor Angelicas, Doctor Uniiiersalis, was of noble descent, and nearly allied to several of th? royal houses of Europe. He was born in 1225 or 1227, at Roccasecca, the ...

ARAGO, DOMINIQUE FRANCOIS JEAN (1786-1853), French physicist, was born on the 26th of February 1786, at Estagel, a small village near Perpignan, in the department of the eastern Pyrenees. He was the eldest of four brothers. Jean (17881836) emigrated to America ...

... AKCHEEV. ALEKSYEI ANDREEVICH, COUNT (17601834), Russian soldier and statesman, was descended from an ancient family of Great Novgorod. From his mother, Elizabeth Vitlitsaya, he inherited most of his characteristics, an insatiable love of work, an almost pedant ...

ARAL, a lake or inland sea in the west of Asia, situated between lat. 43° 30' and 46° 51' N., and long. 58° 13' and 61° 56' E. It was known to the ancient Arab and Persian geographers as the Sea of Khwarizm or Kharezm, from the neighbouring district of the Cho ...

ARAM, EUGENE (1704-1750), English scholar, but more famous as the murderer celebrated by Hood in his ballad, the Dream of Eugene Aram, and by Bulwcr Lytton in his romance of Eugene Aram, was born of humble parents at Ramsgill, Yorkshire, in 1704. He received l ...

ARCHPRIEST (Lat. archipresbyter, Gr. apx«rpe<r|3iiTepos), in the Christian Church, originally the title of the chief of the priests in a diocese. The office appears as early as the 4th century as that of the priest who presided over the presbyters of the dioce ...

... r districts, but specially appropriated in historic times to the chief town in eastern Peloponnese, whence the peninsula of Argolis derives its name. The Argeia, or territory of Argos proper, consisted of a shelving plain at the head of the Gulf of Argolis, en ...

... amily of Scottish peers, originally the Campbells of Lochow, and first ennobled as Barons Campbell, is referred to in the article ARGYLLSHIRE. ARCHIBALD CAMPBELL, sth earl of Argyll (1530-' 573). was the elder son of Archibald, 4th earl of Argyll (d. 1558), an ...

ARGYLLSHIRE, a county on the west coast of Scotland, the second largest in the country, embracing a large tract of country on the mainland and a number of the Hebrides or Western Isles. The mainland portion is bounded N. by Inverness-shire; E. by Perth and Dum ...

ARISTOTLE (384-322 B.C.), the great Greek philosopher, was born at Stagira, on the Strymonic Gulf, and hence called " the Stagirite." Dionysius of Halicamassus, in his Epistle on Demosthenes and Aristotle (chap. 5), gives the following sketch of his life: — Ar ...

ARK (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Arche, adapted from the Lat. area, chest, cf. arcere, to shut up, enclose), a chest, basket or box. The Hebrew word tebah, translated in the A.V. by " ark," is used in the Old Testament (i) of the box made of ...

... about 512 sq. m. The general surface of the county is gently undulating and pleasantly diversified; but in the northern extremity, on the borders of Lough Neagh, there is a considerable tract of low, marshy land, and the southern border of the county is occup ...

... AURITZ, COUNT (1757-1814), son of Charles II. 's general, Carl Gustaf Armfelt, was born in Finland on the jist of March 1757. In 1774 he became an ensign in the guards, but his frivolity provoked the displeasure of Gustavus III. and he thought it prudent to go ...

... ) given to a tall movable cupboard, or " wardrobe," with one or more doors. It has varied considerably in shape and size, and the decoration of its doors and sides has faithfully represented mutations of fashion and modifications of use. It was originally exce ...

ARMSTRONG, ARCHIBALD (d. 1672), court jester, called " Archy," was a native of Scotland or of Cumberland, and according to tradition first distinguished himself as a sheepstealer; afterwards he entered the service of James VI., with whom he became a favourite. ...

... ABETH (BETTINA) VON (1785-1859), German authoress, sister of Klemens Brentano, was born at Frankforton-Main on the 4th of April 1785. After being educated at a convent school in Fritzlar, she lived for a while with her grandmother, the novelist, Sophie Laroche ...

ARNOLD, known as " ARNOLD OF BRESCIA " (d. 1155), one of the most ardent adversaries of the temporal power of the popes. He belonged to a family of importance, if not noble, and was born probably at Brescia, in Italy, towards the end of the nth century. He dis ...

ARSES, Persian king, youngest son of Artaxerxes III., was raised to the throne in 338 B.C. by Bagoas (q.v.), who had ARSINOE— ARSON murdered his father and all his brother*. But when the young king tried to make himself independent, Bagoas killed him too, with ...

ART, a word in its most extended and most popular sense meaning everything which we distinguish from Nature. Art and Nature are the two most comprehensive genera of which the human mind has formed the conception. Under the genus Nature, or the genus Art, we in ...

... s him a principal figure in epic dialogues: he warns Darius not to attack the Scythians (iv. 83; cf. also iv. 143), and predicts to Xerxes his defeat by the Greeks (vii. 10 ff ., 46 ff.) ; Xerxes sent him home to govern the empire during the campaign (vii. 52, ...

... . Artakkihatra, he whose empire is well-fitted " or " perfected ", Heb. Artakkshasta, Bab. Artakshatsu, Susian Irtakshaskska (and variants), Gr. '\pratipfrtt, 'ApTo{fp£i7», and in an inscription of Tralles (Dittenbergcr, Sylloge, 573) 'Apra£«<r<7ijt; Herodotus ...