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ARIA (Ital. for " air "), a musical term, equivalent to the English " air," signifying a melody apart from the harmony, but especially a musical composition for a single voice or instrument, with an accompaniment of other voices or instruments. The aria origin ...

... iatic Sea and Italy, W. by Switzerland, Liechtenstein and the German empire (Bavaria), and N. by the German empire (Saxony and Prussia) and Russia. It has an area of 115,533 SP,- m-> or about twice the size of England and Wales together. Austria is one of the ...

ARNICA, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order Compositae, and containing 18 species, mostly north-west American. The most important species is Arnica montana (mountain tobacco), a perennial herb found in upland meadows in northern and central Europe

ARAL, a lake or inland sea in the west of Asia, situated between lat. 43° 30' and 46° 51' N., and long. 58° 13' and 61° 56' E. It was known to the ancient Arab and Persian geographers as the Sea of Khwarizm or Kharezm, from the neighbouring district of the Cho

ARAM, EUGENE (1704-1750), English scholar, but more famous as the murderer celebrated by Hood in his ballad, the Dream of Eugene Aram, and by Bulwcr Lytton in his romance of Eugene Aram, was born of humble parents at Ramsgill, Yorkshire, in 1704. He received l

ARTA (Narda, i.e. a> "A.pda, or Zarta, i.e. «'s "\pra), a town of Greece, in the province of Arta, 59 m. N.N.W. of Mesolonghi. Pop. about 7000. It is built on the site of the ancient Ambracia (?.».), its present designation being derived from a corruption of t

ARCADIA, a district of Greece, forming the central plateau of Peloponnesus. Shut off from the coast lands on all sides by mountain barriers, which rise in the northern peaks of Eryman thus (mod. Olanos) to 7400, of Cyllene (Ziria) to 7900, in the southern corn

ARMILLA, ARMIL or ARMILLARY SPHERE (from the Lat. armiltd, a bracelet), an instrument used in astronomy. In its simplest form, consisting of a ring fixed in the plane of the equator, the armilla is one of the most ancient of astronomical instruments. Slightly

ASTORIA, a city, port of entry, and the county-seat of Clatsop county, Oregon, U.S.A., on the Columbia river, 8 m. from its mouth. Pop. (1890) 6184; (1900) 8381, of whom 3779 were foreign-born (many being Finns, — a Finnish weekly was established here in 1905)

... topoda are divided into three orders, the characters of which are dependent on variation in the presence of the full number of legs. Order 1 (of the Pantopoda). Nymphonomorpha, Pocock (nov.) (fig. 43). — In primitive forms belonging to the family Nymphotiidae ...

... In the interior, above 3300 ft., the temperature and rainfall, together with malaria, decrease. The plateau climate is healthy and invigorating. The mean annual temperature at Sao Salvador do Congo .-•5° F.; at Loanda, 74-3°; and at Caconda, 67-3". The climate ...

... exportation of pineapples and other fruit. Angra served as a refuge for Queen Maria II. of Portugal from 1830 to 1833.

... result of Leopold's work. The " Old Dessauer " was one of the sternest disciplinarians in an age of stern discipline, and the technical training of the infantry, under his hand, made them superior to all others in the proportion of five to three (see AUSTRIAN ...

... looded animals lies in the constancy of the temperature of the former, and the variability of the temperature of the latter. Those animals high in the scale of evolution, as birds and mammals, have a high temperature almost constant and independent of that of ...

... ng. Lot. v. 28), an ancient village of Latium, situated on the W. of the Via Salaria, 2 m. N. of Rome, where the Anio falls into the Tiber. It is said to have been conquered by Romulus after the rape of the Sabine women, and to have assisted the Tarquins. Cert ...

ANTEQUERA (the ancient Anlicaria), a town of southern Spain, in the province of Malaga; on the Bobadilla-Granada railway. Pop. (1000) 31,609. Antequera overlooks the fertile valley bounded on the S. by the Sierra de los Torcales, and on the N. by the river Gua ...

... versed in Roman jurisprudence; and Metrodorus was one of the distinguished grammarians of the great Eastern capital. It is related of Anthemius that, having a quarrel with his next-door neighbour Zeno, he annoyed him in two ways. First, he made a number of lea ...

... o strengthen the Christians in the Diocletian persecution and to preach against Arianism. Anthony is recognized as the fi,rst Christian monk and the first organizer and father of Christian monachism (seeMoNASTicisn). Certain letters and sermons are attributed ...

... cimens from the coral fishers on the coast of Barbary and kept them alive in aquaria. He was thus able to see that the so-called " flowers of coral " were in fact nothing else than minute polyps resembling seaanemones. His discovery, made in 1727, was rejected ...

... uting what is designated splenic apoplexy, internal anthrax in cattle is not invariably fatal. In some cases the animal rallies from a first attack and gradually recovers. In the external or localized form, marked by the formation of carbuncles before general ...

... redit and weaken the school of Manchester Liberalism, then in the ascendant. Agrarian capitalism, which had been dethroned by industrial capitalism in 1848, and had burnt its fingers in 1873, seized the opportunity of paying off old scores. The clericals, smar ...

... aspect of Socratic philosophy, and should be compared with the Cyrenaic and Megarian doctrines. BIBLIOGRAPHY. — Charjes Chappuis, Antisthene (Paris, 1854); A. Muller, De Antisthenis cynici vita el scriptis (Dresden, 1860); T. Gomperz, Greek Thinkers (Eng. tra ...

... valier, Rep. des. s. hist. (1905), pp. 285-286. ANTONINUS LIBERALIS, Greek grammarian, probably flourished about A.D. 150. He wrote a collection of forty-one tales of mythical metamorphoses (Merajuop</>a>crea>i' Swcrya^ij), chiefly valuable as a source of myth ...

ANTONINUS LIBERALIS, Greek grammarian, probably flourished about A.D. 150. He wrote a collection of forty-one tales of mythical metamorphoses (Merajuop</>a>crea>i' Swcrya^ij), chiefly valuable as a source of mythological knowledge. Westermann, Mythographi Crae ...

... by promising him the rich province of Macedonia. On the outbreak of the Catilinarian conspiracy, Antonius was obliged to lead an army into Etruria, but handed over the command on the day of battle to Marcus Petreius, on the ground of ill-health. He then went ...

... as being the scene of St Patrick's early life. Island Magee had, besides antiquarian remains, a notoriety as a home of witchcraft, and was the scene of an act of reprisal for the muchdisputed massacre of Protestants about 1641, by the soldiery of Carrickfergu ...

... himself by drawing maps for Latin authors. Later, his friendship with the antiquarian, Abbe Longuerue, greatly aided his studies. His first serious map, that of Ancient Greece, was published when he was fifteen, and at the age of twenty-two he was appointed on ...

ANWEILER, or ANNWEILER, a town of Germany, in the Bavarian Palatinate, on the Queich, 8 m. west of Landau, and on the railway from that place to Zweibrucken. Pop. 3700. It is romantically situated in the part of the Haardt called the Pfalzer Schweiz (Palatinat ...

... ramid x and basal pinacoid c. In its general appearance, apatite exhibits wide variations. Crystals may be colourless and transparent or white and opaque, but are often coloured, usually some shade of green or brown, occasionally violet, sky-blue, yellow, &c. ...

... riest in prayer, and an Ajax struck by lightning. APOLLODORUS, an Athenian grammarian, pupil of Aristarchus and Panaetius the Stoic, who lived about 140 B.C. He was a prolific and versatile writer. There is extant under his name a treatise on the gods and the ...

APOLLONIUS, surnamed 6 6wr<coXos (" the Surly or Crabbed"), a celebrated grammarian of Alexandria, who lived in the reigns of Hadrian and Antoninus Pius. He spent the greater part of his life in his native city, where he died; he is also said to have visited R ...

APOLLONIUS OF RHODES (RHODIUS), a Greek epic poet and grammarian, of Alexandria, who flourished under the Ptolemies Philopator and Epiphanes (222-181 B.C.). He was the pupil of Calh'machus, with whom he subsequently quarrelled. In his youth he composed the wor ...

APOLLONIUS OF TRALLES (in Caria), a Greek sculptor, who flourished in the 2nd century B.C. With his brother Tauriscus, he executed the marble group known as the Farnese Bull, representing Zethus and Amphion tying the revengeful Dirce to the tail of a wild bull ...

... gements, and there is little change in its outlines as set forth in the Shakespearian play of Pericles. The Latin tale is preserved in about 100 MSS., and was printed by M.Velser (Augsburg, 1595), by J. Lapaumein Script. Erot. (Didot,. Paris, 1856), and by A. ...

... erus Lipsiensis "; &c., &c.), three are of chief importance. Nathaniel Lardner (Arian, 1684-1768) stands in the front rank of the scholarship of his time, and uses his vast knowledge to maintain the genuineness of all books of the New Testament and the perfect ...

... he Apostolic teaching in its essential features, amidst all personal and local variations, perhaps the most striking thing about these writings is the degree in which they fail to appreciate certain elements of the Apostolic teaching as embodied in the New Tes ...

... heathen. It was renewed by Pope Clement XIII. in 1758 hi favour of the empress Maria Theresa and her descendants. The emperor of Austria bears the title of apostolic king of Hungary.

... riis theological position, different views have been held. Funk suggests Apollinarianism, which is the refuge of the destitute; and Achelis inclines in the same direction. But the affinities of the author are quite otherwise, the most pronounced of them aeing ...

... and considered the whole church of their time corrupted by the " negotia saecularia " which absorbed all 1 One result is their inability to form a true theory of Judaism and of the Old Testament in relation to the Gospel, a matter of great moment for them and ...

... ar>d a work against the Latin Church and the council of Florence in Lc Moine's Varia Sacra.