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The term " Byzantine " is applied to the style of architecture which was developed in Byzantium after Constantine had transferred the capital of the Roman empire to that city in A.D. 324. It is not possible, in the early ages of any style which is based on pre ...

Before proceeding with " modern architecture," to which the styles now discussed have gradually led us, we have still another important architectural style to describe, in Mahommedan architecture. The term " Mahommedan " has been selected in preference to " Sa ...

... alf of the i6th century. Passing into the second half and dealing with domestic architecture, we find the history of the introduction of classic work into England more complicated than in other countries, because in addition to the Italian, we have French, Fle ...

... the bronze gate* of the baptistery at Florence. determined to devote himx-lf to architecture. possibly in the hope that he might some, day be able to tolve the great problem of erecting over the crowing of Arnolfo di Lapo's great cathedral the dome projected b ...

In Spain, as in France, the revival of classic architecture was engrafted on the Flamboyant style of the country, influenced here and there by Moorish work, so that the earlier examples of Spanish Renaissance constitute a transitional style which lasted till t ...

... ften dark and narrow, and, apart from the cathedral and the hotol de ville, the architecture is of little interest. The cathedral of St Pierre (see CATHEDRAL), a church in the Byzantine- Romanesque style, dates from the nth and 1 2th centuries, but has undergo ...

... y the Goths in A.D. 267 and 395 it retained some of its commerce and culture in Byzantine days. The town was captured by the Franks in 1210; after 1246 it was held in fief by the rulers of Athens. In later centuries it became the scene of frequent conflicts be ...

... the goldsmith's work of Mount Athos are of infinite interest to the student of Byzantine art. The frescoes in general date from the isth or i6th century: some are attributed by the monks to Panselinos, " the Raphael of Byzantine painting," who apparently flou ...

... ce 1880 services of omnibus steamers (now municipal) have also been introduced. Byzantine Architecture. — We can trace the continuous growth of Venice through the successive styles of Byzantine, Gothic, early Renaissance and late Renaissance architecture. The ...

The classical revival does not seem to have taken root in Germany much before the middle of the i6th century, some forty to fifty years later than in France, from which country it is said to have been introduced, and in some of the early work there is a great

... it became the capital of the Bagratid kings of Armenia, and when yielded to the Byzantine emperor (1046) it was a populous city, known traditionally as the " city with the loot churches." It was taken eighteen years later by the Seljuk Turks, five times by the ...

... veral, private as well as public, that are of a quaint and picturesque style of architecture. The church of St Mary (i2th century) has a modern tower, 335 ft. high. The industries consist of iron-foundries and factories for sugar and soap; and there is a milit ...

... of the calices are formed by the walls of adjacent coenenchymal tubes. Thus the architecture of the Helioporid colony differs entirely from such forms as Tubipora or Favosites, in which each corallite has its own distinct and proper wall. The cavities both of ...

... d though a bishopric, it was not an important 'military or commercial centre in Byzantine times. The Turks took it first in 1070, and from the i.?th century onwards it was always in Moslem hands. For a long period it was one of the greatest cities of Asia Mino ...

APOPHYGE (Gr. aro^tryi}, a flying off), in architecture, the lowest part of the shaft of an Ionic or Corinthian column, or the highest member of its base if the column be considered as a w hole. The apophyge is the inverted cavetto or concave sweep, on the upp ...

... ly distinct; the latter is from the Arabian style of ornament, developed by the Byzantine Greeks for their new masters, after the conquests of the followers of Mahomet; and the former is a term pretty well restricted to varieties of cinquecento decoration, whi ...

ARCADE, in architecture, a range of arches, supported either by columns or piers; isolated in the case of those separating the nave of a church from the aisles, or forming the front of a covered ambulatory, as in the cloisters in Italy and Sicily, round the Du ...

... by Detroit Publiskimg Co. FIG. 134.— THE UNIVERSITY CLUB, NEW YORK. PLATE XVI. ARCHITECTURE [MODERN the importance of the office (confined as it was to the highest class) must have been immense;. there was no audit, no written law, no executive count tl. The ...

... r at hand are the ruins of Cranii, which afford fine examples of Greek military architecture; and at the west side of the harbour there is a curious stream, flowing from the sea, and employed to drive mills before losing itself in caverns inland. See Sir C. Fe ...

... for defence. In zoology the word is used of the bony shell of the armadillo. In architecture it is applied to the iron stays by which the lead lights are secured in windows. (See STANCHION and SADDLE: Saddle-Bars.) In magnetism Dr William Gilbert applied the t ...

... rable object. The builder s art assumes that it is desirable to have buildings; architecture (as one of the fine arts) that it is desirable to have them beautiful and imposing. The hygienic and medical arts assume, the one that the preservation of health, the ...

... round. There are a few remains of old cyclopean walls. The town contains also a Byzantine castle, built on the lofty site of the ancient citadel; a palace belonging to the Greek metropolitan; a number of mosques, synagogues and churches, the most remarkable be ...

... es by Verres. It was ranked by Philostratus the third city of Pamphylia, and in Byzantine times seems to have been known as Primopolis, under which name its bishop signed at Ephesus in A.D. 431. In medieval times it was evidently still a strong place, but it h ...

... ic communities with their medieval customs and institutions, their treasures of Byzantine art and rich collections of documents. It is about 40 m. in length, with a breadth varying from 4 to 7 m.; its whole area belongs to the various monasteries. It was inhab ...

... Naples museum is well known. The plural form ATLANTES is the classical term in architecture for the male sculptured figures supporting a superstructure as in the baths at Pompeii, and in the temple at Agrigentum in Sicily. In 18th-century architecture half-fi ...

... mewhat heavy flanking towers dates from the i7th century, and is Greco-Roman in architecture. Sainte-Marie contains many artistic treasures, the chief of which are the magnificent stained-glass windows of the Renaissance which light the apsidal chapels, and th ...

... f the rude Lombard work of the 8th and gth centuries, and are intermingled with Byzantine scroll work and interlaced patterns. If the plan of Sant' Ambrogio, with its comparatively thin enclosure walls, suggests its original construction as an ordinary basilic ...

... t of the others, though at first sight it bears considerable resemblance to the Byzantine style, and for that reason was probably classed and described under that head by FerniMon. But the leading charact ITIM ic of t he Hyzantine style is the dome over the ce ...

... ouses, notable among them the " Northeimhaus," a beautiful specimen of medieval architecture. There are several churches, among them the Alexanderkirche, containing the tombs of the princes of Grubenhagen, and a synagogue. The schools include a Realgymnasium ( ...

... nenberg, by the pilgrimage church of Our Lady of Loreto, in the Jesuit style of architecture. The town possesses one Evangelical and five Roman Catholic churches, among the latter the Stiftskirche, the old abbey church, a Romanesque building dating from 1124, ...

... the ancient district correspond approximately with those of the modern. In the Byzantine period Ravenna became the seat of an exarch; and after the Lombards had for two centuries attempted to subdue the Pentapolis (Ravenna, Bologna, Forli, Faenza, Rimini), Pi ...

... anische Chrestomathie, vol. ii. (Halle, 1882). (W. A. B. C.) ENGAGED COLUMN, in architecture, a form of column, sometimes defined as semi or three-quarter detached according to its projection; the term implies that the column is partly attached to a pier or wa ...

... ess strictly defined groups and subdivisions came into existence, such as naval architecture dealing with the design of ships, marine engineering with the engines for propelling steamers, sanitary engineering with water-supply and disposal of sewage and other ...

... uizen, like its neighbour Hoorn, exhibits many interesting examples of domestic architecture dating from the i6th and i ;th centuries, when it was an important and flourishing city. The facades of the houses are usually built in courses of brick and stone, and ...

... es haered.es is now abandoned), in law, a h'mited form of succession (q.v.). In architecture, the term " entail " denotes an ornamental device sunk in the ground of stone or brass, and subsequently filled in with marble, mosaic or enamel.

ENTASIS (from Gr. kvreiveiv, to stretch a line or bend a bow), in architecture, the increment given to the column (q.v.), to correct the optical illusion which produces an apparent hollowness in an extended straight line. It was referred to by Vitruvius (iii. ...

EPHEBEUM (from Gr. ifafios, a young man), in architecture, a large hall in the ancient Palaestra furnished with scats (Vitruvius v. u), the length of which should be a third larger than the width. It served for the exercises of youths of from sixteen to eighte ...

... Ruskin the " epitome of Venice," as it embraces examples of all the periods of architecture from the loth to the igth centuries.

... as been identified with the Armenian Garin Kalakh, the Arabic Kalikale, and the Byzantine Theodosiopolis of the sth century, when it was a frontier fortress of the empire — hence its name Ersen-er-Rum. It was captured by the Seljuks in 1201, when it was an imp ...

... ce in the 4th century when St Gregory lived in it. The district passed from the Byzantines to the Seljuks after the defeat of Romanus, 1071, and from the latter to the Mongols in 1 243. After having been held by Mongols, Tatars and Turkomans, it was added to t ...