Search the scanned history of knowledge.

FlG. TL—Carypui litorclii, one of the Pseudoscorpiones. Lateral view. I to VI, Basal segments of the a, 3, 10, The second, third and six prosomatic appendages. tenth somites of the opistho», Eye*. soma. prat- ten. Tergite of the prae- n, The minute eleventh so ...

ANHALT-DESSAU, LEOPOLD I., PRINCE OF (1676-1747), called the "Old Dessauer" (Alter Dessauer), general field marshal in the Prussian army, was the only surviving son of John George II. , prince of Anhalt-Dessau, and was born on the 3rd of July 1676 at Dessau. F ...

ANTHEM I US, Greek mathematician and architect, who produced, under the patronage of Justinian (A.O. 532), the original and daring plans for the church of St Sophia in Constantinople, which strikingly displayed at once his knowledge and his ignorance. He was o ...

SULEIMAN I.1 the "Magnificent" (1494-1566), sultan of Turkey, succeeded his father Selim I. in 1520. His birth coincided with the opening year of the loth century of Mussulman chronology (A.H. 900), the most glorious period in the history of Islam. Eventful as ...

SWEYN I., KING or DENMARK ( -1014), son of Harold Bluetooth, the christianizer of Denmark, by his peasant mistress Aesa, according to the Jomsvikinga Saga, though more probably his mother was Queen Gunild, Harold's consort. The lad was a born champion and bucc ...

THEODORE I. (1557-1598), tsar of Russia, the son of Ivan the Terrible and Anastasia Romanova, nominally succeeded his father in 1584, but being of weak intellect was governed throughout his reign by the boyar, Boris Godunov, whose sister Irene he married in 15 ...

THEODOSIUS I., " the Great," son of Theodosius, Valentinian's great general, who in 368-69 drove back the Picts and Scots from the Roman territories in Britain and suppressed the revolt of Firmus in Mauretania (372). Shortly after (376), the elder Theodosius w ...

TIGLATH-PILESER I., the son of Assur-ris-isi, ascended the throne c. 1120 B.C., and was one of the greatest of Assyrian conquerors. His first campaign was against the Moschi who had occupied certain Assyrian districts on the Upper Euphrates; then he overran Co ...

FIG. 42. — So-called " trilobite stage " of Limulus polypkemus. A, Dorsal; B, ventral view. (From KoncMt and Heider. after Leuckart.) Peripatus, Diplopoda, Hexapoda and Chilopoda. Probably tracheae have developed independently by the same process in several gr ...

The origin of the natives of Australia presents a difficult problem. The chief difficulty in deciding their ethnical relations is their remarkable physical difference from the neighbouring peoples. And if one turns from physical criteria to their manners and c ...

AL R, Anterior lateral rod or tendon. Natural size. (From Lankester, Q. J. Hie. Set.. N5. ml. niv.. 1884.) Limulus an Arachnid. — Modern views as to the classification and affinities of the Arachnida have been determined by the demonstration that Limulus and t ...

ALEXANDRE CHATRIAN (1826-1890) on the i8th of December 1826 at Soldatenthal, Lorraine. In 1847 they began to write together, and continued doing so till 1889. Chatrian died in 1890 at Villemomble near Paris, and Erckmann at Luneville in 1899. The list of their ...

ANGLO-SAXONS. The term " Anglo-Saxon " is commonly applied to that period of English history, language and literature which preceded the Norman Conquest. It goes back to the time of King Alfred, who seems to have frequently used the title rex Anglorum Saxonum ...

ANGOLA, the general name of the Portuguese possessions on the west coast of Africa south of the equator. With the exception of the enclave of Kabinda (q.v.) the province lies wholly south of the river Congo. Bounded on the W. by the Atlantic Ocean, it extends ...

ANGOULBMB, CHARLES DE VALOIS, DUKE OF (1573-1650), the natural son of Charles IX. of France and Marie Touchet, was born on the 28th of April 1573,31 the castle of Fayet in Dauphine. His father, dying in the following year, commended him to the care and favour ...

ANGOULEME. a city of south-western France, capital of the department of Charente, 83 m. N.N.E. of Bordeaux on the railway between Bordeaux and Poitiers. Pop. (1006) 30,040. The town proper occupies an elevated promontory, washed on the north by the Charente an ...

ANGRA PEQUENA, a bay in German South-West Africa, in 26° 38' S., 15° E., discovered by Bartholomew Diaz in 1487. F. A. E. Liideritz, of Bremen, established a trading station here in 1883, and his agent concluded treaties with the neighbouring chiefs, who ceded ...

ANGSTROM, ANDERS JONAS (1814-1874), Swedish physicist, was born on the i3th of August 1814 at Logdo, Medelpad, Sweden. He was educated at Upsala University, where in 1839 he became privat docent in physics. In 1842 he went to Stockholm Observatory in order to ...

ANGULATE (Lat. antulus, an angle), shaped with comers or angles; an adjective used in botany and zoology for the shape of stems, leaves and wings.

ANGUS, EARLS OP. Angus was one of the seven original earldoms of the Pictish kingdom of Scotland, said to have been occupied by seven brothers of whom Angus was the eldest. The Critic line ended with Matilda (fl. 1240), countess of Angus in her own right, who ...

ANHALT, a duchy of Germany, and a constituent state of the German empire, formed, in 1863, by the amalgamation of the two duchies Anhalt-Dessau-Cothen and Anhalt-Bernburg, and comprising all the various Anhalt territories which were sundered apart in 1603. The ...

ANHYDRITE, a mineral, differing chemically from the more commonly occurring gypsum in containing no water of cryitallization, being anhydrous calcium sulphate, CaSO,. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic system, and has three directions of perfect cleavage para ...

ANI (anc. Abnicum), an ancient and ruined Armenian city, in Russian Transcaucasia, government Erivan, situated at an altitude of 4390 ft., between the Arpa-chai (Horfxuiu) and a deep ravine. In 961 it became the capital of the Bagratid kings of Armenia, and wh ...

ANICHINI, LUIGI, Italian engraver of seals and medals, a native of Ferrara, lived at Venice about 1550. Michelangelo >ronounced his " Interview of Alexander the Great with the ligh-priest at Jerusalem," "the perfection of the art." His medals of Henry II. of F ...

ANILINE, PHENYLAMNE, or AIIINOBENZENE, (C«H»NHi), an organic base first obtained from the destructive distillation of ndigo in 1826 by O. Unverdorben (Pogg. Ann., 1826, 8, p. 397), who named it crystalline. In 1834, F. Runge (Pogg. Ann., 1834, 31, p. 65; 32, p ...

ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul), a term first used as a noun or adjective to denote a living thing, but now used to designate one branch of living things as opposed to the other branch known as plants. Until the discovery of protoplasm, and th ...

ANIMAL HEAT. Under this heading is discussed the physiology of the temperature of the animal body. The higher animals have within their bodies certain sources of heat, and also some mechanism by means of which both the production and loss of heat can be regula ...

ANIMAL WORSHIP, an ill-defined term, covering facts ranging from the worship of the real divine animal, commonly conceived as a " god-body," at one end of the scale, to respect for the bones of a slain animal or even the use of a respectful name for the living ...

ANIMISM (from animus, ur anima, mind or toul), acn.r.ln^ to thetleiuiiiiimni 1'r K.H.Tylor, the <1<H I rine of spiritual beings, including human souls; in practice, however, the term is often extended to include panlhclism or animalism, the doctrine that a gre ...

PAOLO ANIMUCCM, a brother of Giovanni, was also celebrated as a composer; he is said by Fctis to have been maestro di capella at S. Giovanni in Laterano from the middle of January 155° until 1552, and to have died in 1363.

ANISE (Pimpinella Anisum), an umbelliferous plant found in Egypt and the Levant, and cultivated on the continent of Europe for medicinal purposes. The officinal part of the plant is the fruit, which consists of two united carpels, called a cremocarp. It is kno ...

ANJAR. a fortified town of India, and the capital of a district of the same name in the native state of Cutch, in the presidency of Bombay. The country is dry and sandy, and entirely depends on well irrigation for its water supply. The town is situated nearly ...

ANKERITE, a member of the mineral group of rhombohedral carbonates. In composition it is closely related to dolomite, but differs from this in having magnesia replaced by varying amounts of ferrous and manganous oxides, the general formula being Ca(Mg,Fe,Mn) ( ...

ANKLAM, or ANCLAM, a town of Germany in the Prussian province of Pomerania, on the Peene, 5 m. from its mouth in the Kleines HafT, and 53 m. N.W. of Stettin, by the railway to Stralsund. Pop. (1900) 14,602. The fortifications of Anklam were dismantled in 1762 ...

ANKLE, or ANCLE (a word common, in various forms, to Teutonic languages, probably connected in origin with the Lat. angulus, or Gr. &.yicv\os, bent), the joint which connects the foot with the leg (see JOINTS).

ANKYLOSIS, or ANCHYLOSIS (from Gr. &yKv\os, bent, crooked), a stiffness of a joint, the result of injury or disease. The rigidity may be complete or partial and may be due to inflammation of the tendinous or muscular structures outside the joint or of the tiss ...

ANT-LION, the name given to neuroptcrous insects of the family \fyrmcltonidac, with relatively short and apically clubbed antennae and four large densely reticulated wings in which the apical veins enclose regular oblong spaces. The perfect insects are for the ...

ANTAE (a Lat. plural word, possibly from anU, before), an architectural term given to slightly projecting pilaster strips which terminate the winged walls of the naos of a Greek temple. They owe their origin to the vertical posts of timber employed in the prim ...

ANTAEUS, in Greek mythology, a giant of Libya, the son of Poseidon and Gaea. He compelled all strangers passing through the country to wrestle with him, and as, when thrown, he derived fresh strength from each successive contact with his mother earth, he prove ...

MVP seed record for The New Gresham Encyclopedia. Project Gutenberg text makes this a useful early source once the clean-text parser exists.