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94. The history of the Russian army begins with the abolition of the Strelitz (q.v.) by Peter the Great in 1698, the nucleus of the new forces being four regiments of foot, two of which are well known to-day under their old titles of Preobrazhenski and Semenov ...

... ions — Eastern and Western Anhalt, separated by the interposition of a part of Prussian Saxony — and of five enclaves surrounded by Prussian territory, viz. Alsleben, Miihlingen,Dornburg,G6dnitz and Tilkerode-Abberode. The eastern and larger portion of the duc ...

... 747), called the "Old Dessauer" (Alter Dessauer), general field marshal in the Prussian army, was the only surviving son of John George II. , prince of Anhalt-Dessau, and was born on the 3rd of July 1676 at Dessau. From his earliest youth he was devoted to the ...

ANI (anc. Abnicum), an ancient and ruined Armenian city, in Russian Transcaucasia, government Erivan, situated at an altitude of 4390 ft., between the Arpa-chai (Horfxuiu) and a deep ravine. In 961 it became the capital of the Bagratid kings of Armenia, and wh ...

... and satyrs of classical literature were goat-footed and the tree spirit of the Russian peasantry takes the form of a goat; in Bengal and the East Indies wood-cutters endeavour to propitiate the spirit of the tree which they cut down; and in many parts of the ...

ANKLAM, or ANCLAM, a town of Germany in the Prussian province of Pomerania, on the Peene, 5 m. from its mouth in the Kleines HafT, and 53 m. N.W. of Stettin, by the railway to Stralsund. Pop. (1900) 14,602. The fortifications of Anklam were dismantled in 1762 ...

... mists. On the i-jth of January 1873, Edward Lasker called the attention of the Prussian diet to the dangers of the situation, while his colleague, Ludwig Bamberger, in an able article in the Preussischen Jahrbucher, condemned the policy which had permitted the ...

... gent partoul, Point d'accommodement, &c. At Venice, where he was attache to the Russian legation, he was arrested in 1 797, but escaped to Russia. Sent as Russian attache to Dresden, he published a violent pamphlet against Napoleon I., and was expelled by the ...

ARAKCHEEV. ALEKSYEI ANDREEVICH, COUNT (17601834), Russian soldier and statesman, was descended from an ancient family of Great Novgorod. From his mother, Elizabeth Vitlitsaya, he inherited most of his characteristics, an insatiable love of work, an almost peda ...

... s blows for months together. The only other craft, except the steamships of the Russians, that venture on the waters, are the flat-bottomed boats of the Kirghiz. In regard to the period of the formation of the Aral there were formerly two theories. According t ...

... (island), Pechora, Pinega (1000) and Shenkursk (1308). See A. P. Engelhardt, A Russian Province of the North (Eng. trans. , by H. Cooke, 1899). ARCHANGEL (ARCHANGELSK), chief town of the government of Archangel, Russia, at the head of the delta of the Dvina, ...

... fought here on the 2oth and 2ist of March 1814 between Napoleon and the Austro-Russian army under Schwarzenberg (see NAPOLEONIC CAMPAIGNS).

... d on the west by Mount Savelan, a volcanic cone with an altitude of 15,792 ft. (Russian triangulation), and on the east by the Talish mountains (9000 ft.). Ardebil has a population of about 10,000, and post and telegraph offices. Its trade, principally in the ...

... ce of the Indian government, to promise the amir of Afghanistan support against Russian aggression, a course which threw that ruler into the arms of Russia and was followed by the second Afghan War. His eminence alike as a great Scottish noble, and as a Britis ...

... h Catherine II. (1783) and with the Danish government ( 1 787) , and during the Russian war of 1 788-90 be was one of the king's most trusted and active counsellors. He also displayed great valour in the field. In 1788 when the Danes unexpectedly invaded Swede ...

... licy of the German powers. The boldness of his demands for reform offended the Prussian government, and in the summer of 1819 he was arrested and his papers confiscated. Although speedily liberated, he was in the following year, at the instance of the Central ...

... it was again stormed by the French, and in 1813 it was taken from them by the Prussians under Billow. Gardens and promenades have now taken the place of the old ramparts, the last of which was levelled in 1853.

... as a member of one of the most numerous and most widely spread families of the Prussian nobility. He was born in Pomerania on the 3rd of October 1824, and brought up by his uncle Heinrich von Arnim, who was Prussian ambassador at Paris and foreign minister fro ...

ARTERN, a town of Germany, in Prussian Saxony, on the Unstrut, at the influx of the Helme, at the junction of railways to Erfurt, Naumburg and Sangerhausen, 8 m. S. of the last named. Pop. 5000. It has an Evangelical church, an agricultural college and some ma ...

ASKABAD, or ASKHABAD, a town of Russian central Asia, capital of the Transcaspian province, 345 m. by rail S.E. of Krasnovodsk and 594 from Samarkand, situated in a small oasis at the N. foot of the Kopet-dagh range. It has a public library and a technical rai ...

... dicine, and the fruits were likewise employed as a diuretic. Under the name of Prussian asparagus, the spikes of an allied plant, Ornilhogalum pyrenaicum, are used in some places. The diuretic action is extremely feeble, and neither the plant nor asparagine is ...

... ), said to have been founded by the emperor Theodosius; Rossikon CPwoffuM), the Russian monastery of St Pantelelmon; Chiliandari (XtXiorrdpuw1: supposed to be derived from xtXtot ivoptt orx>Xta Xforr&pta), founded by the Servian prince Stephen Nemanya (1159-11 ...

... ulted him, he fled from France and roamed about in the Levant. He served in the Russian army against the Turks; but afterwards escaped into Prussia and enlisted in the guards. Tiring of this, he deserted with several others and reached the Saxon frontier. Serv ...

... Moravian Brethren) in Bohemia, Mennonitcs in Galicia, Lippovanians (akin to the Russian Skoptsi) in Bukovina, and Anglicans. The Jews compose 4-7 r'r of the population, and are strongest in Galicia, Lower Austria, Bohemia, Moravia and Bukovina. The Roman Catho ...

... s those of pique, precipitated the disaster, and in seven weeks the victorious Prussians were almost at the gates of Vienna. The result of the war, and of the constitutional changes about this time, was the re-adoption of the principles of 1806-1813, the aboli ...

... ccessful efforts to ANHYDRITE— ANILINE secure Frederick's reinstatement in the Prussian army; anc secondly, his part in the War of the IN.Iish Succession on the Rhine where he served under his old chief Eugene and held the office o field marshal of the Km, Wit ...

EICHWALD, KARL EDUARD VON (1795-1876), Russian geologist and physician, was born at Mitau in Courland on the 4th of July 1795. He became doctor of medicine and professor of zoology in Kazan in 1823 ; four years later professor of zoology and comparative anatom ...

EIFEL, a district of Germany, in the Prussian Rhine Province, between the Rhine, the Moselle and the frontier of the grand duchy of Luxemburg. It is a hilly region, most elevated in the eastern part (Hohe Eifel), where there are several points from 2000 up to ...

EILENBURG, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Saxony, on an island formed by the Mulde, 31 m. E. from Halle, at the junction of the railways Halle-Cottbus and LeipzigEilenburg. Pop. (1905) 15,145. There are three churches, two Evangelical and one R ...

EINBECK, or EIMBECK, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Hanover, on the Urn, 50 m. by rail S. of Hanover. Pop. (1905) 8709. It is an old-fashioned town with many quaint wooden houses, notable among them the " Northeimhaus," a beautiful specimen of ...

... f the regime under which the mass of American Jews (excepting the newly arrived Russians) now worship. In 1858 he published his revised prayer book, which has formed the model for all subsequent revisions. In 1 86 1 be strongly supported the anti-slavery party ...

EISLEBEN (Lat. IslebiaJ; a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Saxony, 24 m. W. by N. from Halle, on the railway to Nordhausen and Cassel. Pop. (1905) 23,898. It is divided into an old and a new town (Altstadt and Neustadt). Among its principal buildi ...

... in. Forests are scarce. Pop. (1860) 1,138,750; (1897) 2,118,946, chiefly Little Russians, with Great Russians, Greeks (48,740), Germans (80,979), Rumanians and a few gypsies. Jews constitute 4-7% of the population. The estimated population in 1906 was 2,708,70 ...

... es of engineering. Electric Lighting. — In 1876, Paul Jablochkov (1847-1894), a Russian officer, passing through Paris, invented his famous electric candle, consisting of two rods of carbon placed side by side and separated from one another by an insulating ma ...

ELMSHORN, a town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Schleswig-Holstein, on the Kruckau, 19 m. by rail N.W. from Altona. Pop. (1905) 13,640. Its industries include weaving, dyeing, brewing, iron-founding and the manufacture of leather goods, boots and shoe ...

EMDEN, a maritime town of Germany, in the Prussian province of Hanover, near the mouth of the Ems, 49 m. N.W. from Oldenburg by rail. Pop. (1885) 14,019; (1903) 20,754. The Ems once flowed beneath its walls, but is now 2 m. distant, and connected with the town ...

EMMERICH (the ancient Embrica), a town of Germany, in the Prussian Rhine province, on the right bank of the Rhine and the railway from Cologne to Amsterdam, 5 m. N.E. of Cleves. Pop. (1905) 12,578. It has a considerable shipping trade, and manufactories of tob ...

... ch he figured in his true sex, and as brother of the reader who had been at the Russian court the year before. He played an important part in the negotiations between the courts of Russia, Austria and France during the Seven Years' War. For these diplomatic se ...

... GREECE: Local Administration). " Eparch " and " eparchy " are also used in the Russian Orthodox Church for a bishop and his diocese respectively.

... nd it fell into Turkish possession in 1517. In July 1829 it was captured by the Russian general Paskevich, and the ERZGEBIRGE— ESAR-HADDON occupation continued until the peace of Adrianople (September iSjg). The town was unsuccessfully attacked by the Russians ...