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UMBER, a brown mineral pigment consisting of hydrated iron and manganese oxides. The finely-powdered mineral is known as raw umber; when calcined the beauty of the colour increases and the pigment is known as burnt umber. It was probably first obtained from Um ...

UMBRA (Lat. for shade or shadow), in astronomy, the completely dark portion of the shadow of a heavenly body, filling the space within which the sun is entirely hidden. The body being supposed spherical, the umbra is a cone circumscribing both the sun and the

SUMNER, CHARLES (1811-1874), American statesman, was born in Boston, Massachusetts, on the 6th of January 1811. He graduated in 1830 at Harvard College, and in 1834 graduated at the Harvard Law School. Here, in closest intimacy with Joseph Story, he became an

SUMTER, a city and the county-seat of Sumter county, South Carolina, U.S.A., 42 m. by rail E. by S. of Columbia. Pop. (1900) 5673 (3160 negroes); (1910) 8109. Sumter is served by several divisions of the Atlantic Coast line and by the Southern railways. It is

... the characters of which are dependent on variation in the presence of the full number of legs. Order 1 (of the Pantopoda). Nymphonomorpha, Pocock (nov.) (fig. 43). — In primitive forms belonging to the family Nymphotiidae the full complement of appendages is r ...

... quivalence of the segmentation and appendages of Limulus and Scorpio, and of a number of remarkable points of agreement in structure, was furnished by Ray Lankester in an article published in 1881 (" Limulus an Arachnid," Quart. Journ. Micr. Set. vol. xxi. N.S ...

... Congo and Zambezi, to the south it merges into a barren sandy desert. A large number of rivers make their way westward to the sea; they rise, mostly, in the mountain belt, and are unimportant, the only two of any size being the Kwanza and the Kunene, separate ...

... 1872, contains a fundamental principle of spectrum analysis, and though for a number of years it was overlooked it entitles him to rank as one of the founders of spectroscopy. From 1861 onwards he paid special attention to the solar spectrum. He announced the ...

... o considerable unrest, and in 1849 Bernburg was occupied by Prussian troops. A number of abortive attempts were made to change the government, and as Alexander Charles was unlikely to leave any children, Leopold of Anhalt-Dessau took some part in the affairs o ...

... by Sir W. H. Perkin was the first of a series of dyestuffs which are now to be numbered by hundreds. Reference should be made to the articles DYEING, FUCHSINE, SAFRANINE, INDUUNES, for more details on this subject. In addition to dyestuffs, it is a starting-pr ...

... in and those parts concerned in consciousness. Both heart-beat and respiration-number become diminished,drowsiness supervenes, becoming steadily deeper until it passes into the sleep of death. Occasionally, however, convulsions may set in towards the end, and ...

... ty of distinguishing the sacred few from the profane crowd; (2) one or a fixed number of a species arc sacred. It is probable that the first of these forms is the primary one and the second in most cases a development from it due to (i.) the influence of other ...

... tes are generic rather than individual; in other words, there is an indefinite number of spirits of each class, and the individuals of a class are much alike; they have no definitely marked individuality; no accepted traditions are current as to their origin, ...

... st years of the 1 5th century. At the request of St Filippo Neri he composed a number of Laudi, or hymns of praise, to be sung after sermon time, which have given him an accidental prominence in musical history, since their performance in St Filippo's Oratory ...

... utch. It suffered severely from an earthquake in 1819, which destroyed a large number of houses, and occasioned the loss of several lives. In 1901 the population was 18,014. The town and district of Anjar were both ceded to the British in 1816, but in 1822 the ...

... ith his next-door neighbour Zeno, he annoyed him in two ways. First, he made a number of leathern tubes the ends of which he contrived to fix among the joists and flooring of a fine upper-room in which Zeno entertained his friends, and then subjected it to a m ...

... on the 29th of July 1867. He produced for use in colleges and schools a large number of classical works, which enjoyed great popularity, although his editions of classical authors were by no means in favour with schoolmasters, owing to the large amount of ass ...

... many confraternities established in his honour throughout Christendom, and the number of "pious" biographies devoted to him would fill many volumes. The most trustworthy modern works are by A. Lepjtre, SlAntoine de Padoue (Paris, 1902, in Les Saints series: go ...

... , the coelenteron is not a simple cavity, as in a Hydroid, but is divided by a number of radial folds or curtains of soft tissue into a corresponding number of radial chambers. These radial folds are known as mesenteries, and their position and relations may b ...

... cholera of fowls, a most destructive disorder which annually carries off great numbers of poultry. Pasteur produced his inoculation material by the cultivation of the bacilli at a temperature of 42° C. in oxygen. Two vaccines are required. The first or weak va ...

... n of the Jews in one class of the population was aggravated by their excessive numbers. While in France the proportion to the total population was, in the early 'seventies, 0-14 %, and in Italy, 0-12 %, it was 1-22 % in Germany, and 3-85 % in Austria-Hungary; ...

... resentation of which he bestows his utmost skill. There are extant — besides a number more or less dubious — twenty authentic productions, consisting of renderings of " Ecce Homo," Madonnas, saints, and half-length portraits, many of them painted on wood. The ...

... nage the science of jurisprudence was cultivated by men of high ability, and a number of humane and equitable enactments were passed in his name. Of the public transactions of this period we have but scant information, but, to judge by what we possess, those t ...

ANTONIUS, the name of a large number of prominent citizens of ancient Rome, of the gens Antonia. Antonius the triumvir claimed that his family was descended from Anton, son of Heracles. Of the Antonii the following are important. 1. MARCUS ANTONIUS (143-87 B.C ...

... and at the same time received money from the courts he visited. He published a number of pamphlets, Des monstres ravagent partoul, Point d'accommodement, &c. At Venice, where he was attache to the Russian legation, he was arrested in 1 797, but escaped to Russ ...

... atter flows to Belfast Lough, the former drains Lough Neagh, which is fed by a number of smaller streams, among them the Crumlin, whose waters have petrifying powers. The fisheries of the Bann and of Lough Ncagh (especially for salmon) arc of value both commer ...

... s — its four walls, each 16 m. long, enclosing an area of 256 sq. m., — in the number of its inhabitants, and the splendour of its shrines and public edifices. It suffered much during the earlier Tamil invasions, and was finally deserted as a royal residence i ...

... e Diwan, or collection of his poems, consists of a series of long poems, and a number of simpler lyrics. His longest piece, The Tears of Khorassan, was translated into English verse by Captain Kirkpatrick (see also PERSIA: Literature).

... dian kings; and after many changes of masters, it came under the rule of Count Humbert I. of Savoy (Biancamano) in 1032. The privilege of holding the assembly of the states-general was granted to the inhabitants in 1189. An executive council was nominated from ...

... . The Apaches are now in reservations in Arizona, New Mexico and Oklahoma, and number between 5000 and 6000. For details see Handbook of American Indians, ed. F. W. Hodge, (Washington, 1907) ; also INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN.

... tected by St Vincent, Flag, Sand, and St George's islands; and the shipping of lumber, naval stores and cotton, which reach the city by way of the river, forms the principal industry. Before the development of railways in the Gulf states, Apalachicola was one ...

... cted with Smyrna by railway; there are considerable remains, including a great number of important Graeco-Roman inscriptions. See W. M. Ramsay, Cities and Bishoprics of Phrygia, vol. ii. ; '.. Weber, Dineir-Ce&nes (1892); D. G. Hogarth in Jovrn. Hell. Studies ...

... faces n and u in fig. 2 show the hemihedral character and absence of the full number of planes and axes of symmetry. Fig. 2 represents a highly modified crystal from St Gotthard; a more common form is shown in fig. i, which is bounded by the hexagonal prism m ...

... d out more fully and generally than they were in earlier treatises, and that a number of theorems in Book iii. and the greater part of Book iv. are new. That he made the fullest use of his predecessors' works, such as Euclid's four Books on Conies, is clear fr ...

... f Severus, is generally regarded as a religious work of fiction. It contains a number of obviously fictitious stories, through which, however, it is not impossible to discern the general character of the man. In the 3rd century, Hierocles (q.v.) endeavoured to ...

... umsily tacked on by the Latin author. The romance kept its form through a vast number of medieval re-arrangements, and there is little change in its outlines as set forth in the Shakespearian play of Pericles. The Latin tale is preserved in about 100 MSS., and ...

... agree, partly diverge. The tendency of the later middle ages is to add to the number of the doctrines with which philosophy cannot deal. Thomas's great rival, Duns Scotus, does this to a large extent, at times affirming " two truths." The latter position, asc ...

... s earthly ministry, we get a further glimpse in the election of one from their number to fill Judas's place among the Twelve (i. 21 ff.), as the primary official witnesses of Messiah and his resurrection. Many of the 1 20 then present (Acts i. 15), and not onl ...

... the method of comparisons, that these elements can be disentangled; but as the number of documents of this class known to us is continually increasing, their value increases even more than proportionately. And whilst their local and fugitive character must be ...

... 540. But, independently of the physicians and the surgeons, there were a great number of irregular practitioners, who were more or less molested by their legitimate rivals, and it became necessary to pass an act in 1543 for their protection and toleration. As ...