Search the scanned history of knowledge.

ARNAL, &TIENNB (1794-1872), French actor, was born at Meulan, Seine-et-Oise, on the ist of February 1704. After serving in the army, and working in a button factory, he took to the stage. His first appearance (1815) was in tragedy, and for some time he was uns ...

ARNALDUS DE VILLA NOVA, also called ARNALOUS DE VlLLANUEVA, ARNALDUS VlLLANOVANUS Or AttiAUD DE VlLLENEUVE (c.' 1235-1313), alchemist, astrologer and physician, appears to have been of Spanish origin, and to have studied chemistry, medicine, physics, and also ...

... ound useful: W. von GieaebrccYit. Arnold von Brescia (Munich, 1873); G. Gaggia, Arnaldo da Brescia (Brescia, 1882); and notices by Vacandard in the Revue des questions kisloriques (Paris, 1884), pp. 52-114, by R. Breyer in the llislor. Tasehenbuch (Leipzig, 18 ...

ARAL, a lake or inland sea in the west of Asia, situated between lat. 43° 30' and 46° 51' N., and long. 58° 13' and 61° 56' E. It was known to the ancient Arab and Persian geographers as the Sea of Khwarizm or Kharezm, from the neighbouring district of the Cho

ARNAULD, the surname of a family of prominent French lawyers, chiefly remembered in connexion with the Jansenist troubles of the i7th century. At their head was ANTOINE ARNAULD (1560-1619), a leader of the Paris bar; in this capacity he delivered a famous phil

ARNAULT, ANTOINE VINCENT (1766-1834), French dramatist, was born in Paris in January 1766. His first play, Marius a Mintumes (1791), immediately established his reputation. A year later he followed up his first success with a second republican tragedy, Lucrece

ARSONVAL, a village of France in the department of Aube, lies on the right bank of the Aube, about 30 m. east of Troyes. It has a church dating from the i2th century. Pop. 434.

ANHALT, a duchy of Germany, and a constituent state of the German empire, formed, in 1863, by the amalgamation of the two duchies Anhalt-Dessau-Cothen and Anhalt-Bernburg, and comprising all the various Anhalt territories which were sundered apart in 1603. The

ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul), a term first used as a noun or adjective to denote a living thing, but now used to designate one branch of living things as opposed to the other branch known as plants. Until the discovery of protoplasm, and th

ARANDA, PEDRO PABLO ABARCA DE BOLEA, COUNT OP (1719-1798), Spanish minister and general, was born at the castle of Sietamo, a lordship of his family near Hucsca in Aragon, on the ist of August 1719. The house of Abarca was very ancient, a fact of which Don Ped

ARJUNA, in Hindu mythology, a semi-divine hero of the Mahabharata. He was the third son of Pandu, son of Indra. His character as sketched in the great epic is of the noblest kind. He is the central figure of that portion of the epic known as the. Bhagwad-gila,

ARNAUD, HENRI (1641-1721), pastor and general of the Vaudois or Waldcnsians of Piedmont, was born at Embrun. About 1650 his family returned to their native valley of Luserna, where Arnaud was educated at La Tour (the chief village), later visiting the college

ARNICA, a genus of plants belonging to the natural order Compositae, and containing 18 species, mostly north-west American. The most important species is Arnica montana (mountain tobacco), a perennial herb found in upland meadows in northern and central Europe

ARTENA, a village of Italy, in the province of Rome, situated at the N.N.W. extremity of the Volscian Mountains; it is 36 m. S.E. by rail, and 24 m. direct from Rome. Pop. (1901) 5016. On the mountain above it (2073 ft.) are the fine remains of the fortificati

ARVALS. ARVCLS or ARTHELS (0. None Arfr, inheritance, and ol, A.S. Ale, a banquet), primarily the funeral dinner, and later, especially in the north of England, a thin, light, iweet cake, spiced with cinnamon and nutmeg, served to the poor at Mich feasts. The

... (as causa cognoscendi) of which is that it is not so bad as incontinence about carnal pleasures, and then argues that, because (as causa essendi) it is only modified incontinence, therefore it is not so bad. Or he might return again and again to the same point ...

THANESAR ( = " place of the god"), an ancient town of British India, in Karnal district of the Punjab, on the river Saraswati, 100 m. by rail N. of Delhi: pop. (1901) 5066. As the centre of the tract called Kurukshetra in the Mahabharata, it has always been a ...